multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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Lightfoot, C. and R. Barker. 1986. On-farm Trials: A Suney of Methods. Eastern Visayas, Philippines: Farming Systems Development Project. Norman, D. and M. Collinson. 1985. Farming systems research in theory and practice. In Agricultural Systems Research for Developing Countries, ed. J.V. Remenyi. ACIAR Proceedings No. 11. Canberra: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. Raintree, J.B. and K. Warner. 1986. Agroforestry pathways for intensification of shifting cultivation. Agroforestry'Systems 4:39-54. Raintree, J.B. 1987. The state of the art of agroforestry diagnosis and design. Agroforestry S),stems 5:219-250. Shaner, W.W., P.F. Phillip and W.R. Schmehl. 1982. Farming Systems Research and Development: Guidelines for Developing Countries. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Ssekabembe, C.K. 1985. Perspectives on hedgerow intercropping. Agroforest. Systems 3:339-356. Sumberg J. and C. Okali. 1988. Farmers, on-farm research and the development of new technology. Experimental Agiiculture 42:333-342. Toha, H.M., A.M. Fagi and K. Permadi. 1986. Nitrogen fertilizing and leucaena mulching of dryland rice. Seminar Hasil Penelitian Tanaman Pangan, Vol. 2: Padi. Bogor, Indonesia: Pusat Penelitian dan pengembangan Tanaman Pangan. Tripp, R. and J. Woolley. 1987. 7he Planning Stage of On-farm Research: Identifying Factorsfor Experimentation. El Batan, Mexico: Centro Internacional para el Mejoramiento del Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT). van Eys, J.E. 1985. On-farm trial design. In Research Methodoloz,'for Livestock On-fan Trials, eds. T.L. Nord blom, A.E.K.H. Ahmed and G. Poats, pp. 283-288. Ottawa: IDRC. Winkleman, D. and E. Moscardi. 1981. Aiming agricultural research at the needs of farmers. In Readings in Fanning Systems Research and Development, eds. .W. Shaner, P.F. Phillip, and W.R. Shmehl, pp. 35-49. Tucson, Arizona: Consortium for International Development. 166 Young, A. 1988. Agroforestry in the control of soil erosion by water. Agroforestry Abstracts 1(2/3). Zandstra, H.G., E.C. Price, J.A. Litsinger and R.A. Morris. 1981.A Methodology for On-farm Cropping Systems Research. Los Banos: IRRI.
The growing importance of small-scale farm woodlot development, rural forestry and agroforestry has been amply highlighted in rccent literature including FAO (1978; 1981), Burley (1980), World Bank.(1978), and Spears (1983) to mention just a few. These new dimensions of forestry development have the following characteristics in common: they are people-oriented both in terms of implementation and benefit; they constitute small-scale operations by individuals or communities; they have high social benefits, particularly for the rural poor; and they are often more environmentally stabilizing than industrial plantation forestry. The potential role of multipurpose tree species (MPTS) and shrubs which can provide a range of goods and services in agroforestry and rural orestry development has been discussed by Burley and von Carlowitz (1984), Stepplei and Lundgren (1988), Nair (1984), and Owino (1989) among others. Fo, effective evaluation and improvement of MPTS for small farm use, issues worth special consideration include: the large number of potential uses of MPTS on farms; rationalizing the specific roles of MPTS on farms; ecological and farming system specific adaptations; improvement of MPTS yields through better husbandry and breeding; agroforestry technology-specific experimentation (ie. hedgerow intercropping, contour bunds/strips, scattered trees on cropland, etc.); MPTS germplasm supply and exchange; and experimental design implications, This paper discusses these issues as they relate to research to maximize MPTS adaptation and yield under the management of small-scale farmers, Overall Goals of Research on MPTS for Small Farm Use In most situations, the dominant goals of research will be to adapt MPTS to specific sites and farming systems taking into account the farmers' needs for MPTS products, the Small-Scale FarmerOiiented Strategy for Evaluation and Improvement of Multipurpose Trees F.Oino International Council for Research in Agroforestry Nairobi, Kenya 167 compatibility with companion crops, the enhancement and sustainability o the land productive capacity, and to produce quality wood, mulch, fodder and other tree products in great quantities as fast as possible, to ensure maximum economic returns. The goal of high-yield production has always been recognized in traditional agricultural and forestry research with relatively little attention paid to adapting MPTS to the site or the farming system. The significant roles which MPTS can play in enhancing and sustaining land productive capacity have been discussed by Bene el al. (1977), King and Chandler (1978), and Beer (1987). Given the current alarming rates of decline in land productive capacity under most farming systems within the tropics, it is imperative that adapting trees to site-specific conditions be accorded a higher priority in developing MPTS for small farm use. The Number of Potentially Useful MPTS Species Both agricultural and forestry intensive production systems have relied on a very narrow range of specie- the world over. It is no surprise that serious concern has been expressed about the real threat to biological diversity with the rapid expansion of such monocultural producton systems. In sharp contrast to the few products expected from traditional plantation on MPTS fo~r forestry, many the more small-scale products farmer and services relies such as fuelwood, building poles, food, fodder, and medicine. Different communities of farmers rely on assorted combinations of MPTS grown in their fields and home compounds to provide various goods and services. The number of potentially useful MPTS on a global basis can therefore be very large. For example, a list of over 2,(X)0 candidate MPTS has been proposcd for agroforcstry by Burley and von Carlowitz
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Proceedings of an International Con
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MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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Preface While a great deal of inter
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Participants of the conference, lad
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The establishment and continued gro
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Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
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preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
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farm and village forestry practices
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group. A village in Thailand or Nep
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fit within the structure of each of
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There is a growing literature on vi
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A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
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Data Analysis The results of an exe
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Table 1. Dependency test between ho
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Survey and Participant Observation
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used the participant observation me
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needs to stay in the village for an
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A Descriptive Research Method to Es
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Important external data sources for
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Although a discussion of statistica
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demanded by consumers and the payme
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Table 2. Components and goals of th
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through a form of informal collusiv
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Information about the current envir
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importance to Sri Lankan society as
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Table 1. Major aspects considered i
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Table 2. Common perennial species.
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able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
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Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
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The status of fuelwood utilization
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consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
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References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
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loan, the decision is based on the
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subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
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Table 1. Components and expected ou
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traditional and simple with few exc
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levels. Education curricula should
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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or from scientific analysis of such
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Similarly, in another country, tria
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aiming at commercial markets. The t
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Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
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Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
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Research should be designed to impr
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The majority of farmers can not aff
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and worked with them in both projec
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Timber is needed by most of the far
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home. In Maharashtra State, several
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Methodologies are reviewed for anal
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Development (NERAD) Project is an a
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small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
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Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
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hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110: The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112: References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114: Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116: Research mus. concentrate on these
Page 117 and 118: esearch scientists. Many crop and f
Page 119 and 120: Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122: western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124: crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126: compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128: Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130: The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132: The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134: problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136: and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138: agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139 and 140: woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
Page 141 and 142: local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
Page 143 and 144: Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146: the mother trees for their homegard
Page 147 and 148: Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150: Applying Fanning Systems Research C
Page 151 and 152: Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
Page 153 and 154: approach that is already known abou
Page 155 and 156: Research Plans and Metotls Based on
Page 157 and 158: leaves make good fertilizer, althou
Page 159: Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
Page 163 and 164: taking into account possible effect
Page 165 and 166: Poster Session Presentations / /
Page 167 and 168: planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
Page 169 and 170: L. leucocephala is the most well kn
Page 171 and 172: Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 173 and 174: Recently, systematic research on im
Page 175 and 176: Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
Page 177 and 178: Forest policy formulated in India u
Page 179 and 180: vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
Page 181 and 182: Table 1. List of species for degrad
Page 183 and 184: Table 3. Productivity potential of
Page 185 and 186: candidate must withstand certain ed
Page 187 and 188: arising from the fact that at the f
Page 189 and 190: Table 1. Soil properties from the e
Page 191 and 192: Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
Page 193 and 194: Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
Page 195 and 196: Table 2. Comparison of average stem
Page 197 and 198: Table 1. Area and species planted i
Page 199 and 200: Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
Page 201 and 202: The Marketing System The marketing
Page 203 and 204: The field trip, organized by the Fo
Page 205 and 206: 213 213 em
Page 207 and 208: Participants Marian delos Angeles S
Page 209: Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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