multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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and coconuts, coffee, and various tree fruits the major perennial crops. About 35% of farmers' income comes from food crops, 20% each from livestock and off-farm employment, and the rest from perennial crops and forest products. Current Technology The extension and research components of the project started simultaneously in 1985. The extension strategy is to form farmers into groups, demonstrate improved iechnology on 10ha demonstration plots (formed from several individual farmers' plots) in one year, followed by an expansion to a further 50-300ha surrounding each demonstration plot the following year. Soi! conservation has placed great emphasis on terrace and waterway construction, with subsidies of fertilizer and seed for food crops. Grasses (Setaria),legume trees (Leucaenaleucocephala, Sesbaniagrandiflora)and fruit trees are distributed for planting on terrace risers, Farmers' adoption of grasses distributed for planting on terrace risers has been high, due to their value as fodder. The potential for livestock as a source of income is considered to be high, but a major constra;nt is fodder production, especially in the dry season. Increasing this fodder supply, through cut and carry systems of grasses and MPTS is likely to be very compatible with erosion control. Terracing which has been a major part of the technolog, extended by the project, is less suitable for the widespread shallow soils in the area. If done well, it is expensive. Because of these problems, there is growing interest in reducing erosion through vegetative means, rather than by terrace construction. Alley cropping as a possible alternative has received much attention recently, but there is insufficient knowledge of practical technology standards for widespread implementation, and the likely impact of these on productivity and conservation, Research Priorities The issues faced with alley cropping in the context of the project was to decide what is known, and what needs to be known. The state of knowledge concerning the suitability of alley cropping for the UACP areas can be broadly summarized. The principles of alley cropping as a means of soil fertility maintenance have been demonstrated as valid on other continents, notably Africa. The principles of alley cropping as a means of erosion 160 control through the barrier effect, mulching by cuttings, and changes to soil properties are taken as accepted (Young 1988). However, the magnitude of these effects on production and the economic benefits in the project area, compared to alternative technologies, are unknown. Farmers in other areas of SE Asia and Indonesia have adopted alley cropping as a means of soil conservation and forage production. The practice of alley cropping is said to have originated in Timor (Metzner in Raintree and Warner 1986). Farmers in UACP areas plant several MPTS, includingL. leucocephala,Gliricidiasepitmn, and S. grandiflora. These species are usually grown as scattered trees in homegardens or as hedgerows along plot boundaries. However, there are a few cases whereFlemingeacongesta and other species have been planted intensively as regularly spaced hedgerows in upland plots. Many of these represent prior introductions by government programs, such as the regreening program, during recent decades. Farmers' knowledge concerning the fodder and soil conservation potential of these MPTS is unclear. Much of the cultivated uplands in the project area is already terraced to some degree, although the standards of this terracing for runoff anid erosion control are generally poor. Terraces are usually 2-5m wide, and cassava is often grown along the terrace edge where the soil is the deepest and the cassava easy to dig. This means that it is difficult to implement hedgerows precisely alon the contour, alley widths are largely determited by terrace width, and benefits of MPTS on terace edges will have to be visible enough to displace the cassava. Uncultivated upland areas, covered by hnperatacylindricaor other grasses, are common in the project area. The long-term use or rotation of this type of land, and its importance for grazing and fodder collection has not been well studied. Consequently, the potential for MPTS as a fallow improver, fodder source or means of introducing permanent cultivation is largely unknown. L. leucocephalahas been severely affected by the psyllid in recent years, In some initial obsei ration studies by the project, F.congesta has shown vigorous growth. The extension component of the project has started to include F.congesta in demonstration plots on shallow limestone soils.
Research Plans and Metotls Based on the information outlined above, a research program was p!anned using the process in Figure 1as a framework, Ieeping within the limits of the resources available to the project. An important factor was the pressure to demonstrate practical results quickly, which meant that the research steps outliaed in Figure 1were carried out simultaneously instead of sequentially. The research priorities resulted in the design of several activities: - a survey in the project area to determine farmers' perception of MPTS and their use in soil conservation. Due to the type of information needed, an unstructured irterview procedure with no pre-defined questionnaire) was used. rour researchers spent 4 days contacting and conversing with extension agents and farmers in 4 districts of East Java (November 1989). - researcher managed trials (replicated block experiments at one site) to quantify the effect of hedgerows on soil erosion and productivity: - an experiment in the project experimental station to compare soil erosion under alley cropping with F. congesta, to terraces (established 1988); - an experiment in the project experimental station to compare biomass production of different hedgerow species including Calliandra calothyrsus, Tephrosia volgeti F. congesta, and Desmantius oirgatuswith associated crop production and soil erosion (established 1988); - an experiment to evaluate long-term productivity of a shallow iimestone soil, poductiviyof a sow lestunder typical of many project areas, under hedgerow intercroppin with F.congesta. Changes in soi! properties and production of annual crops wil be monitored, using four treatment combinations of hedgerows vs. control, with ard without inorganic fertilizers. This site is currently marginal for annual crops and-was last used for cassava production (established 1989); - an experiment to compare long-term soil changes and crop productivity under different amounts ofF. congesta mulch (established 1988); and farmer managed trials in two project villages to determine farmers' acceptance and evaluation of planting hedperows on terrace edges. 161 Approximately 15 farmers will bo .lwvolved in each village, with the planned intervention consisting of esfablishing mixed hedgerows of F.congesta for mulch and G. sepiwn for fodder. This activity is in the initial stages, with preliminaiy meetings with the farmers in 1989 to describe objectives and the technology. The initial reaction of the farmers seems promising. Preliminary Findings Farmer survey The survey in East Java showed that farmers use a range of MPTS for fuelwood, fodder, fertilizer and shade for perennial crops. A range of characteristics, including plant and root architecture, susceptibility to insect damage, fodder palatability in different seasons, leaf decomposition rates, and calorific value of the wood determined the overall suitability of individual species for different uses (Table 1). The species described are mainly grown as shade trees . coffee plantations, along roadsides, or. s hedgerows along plot boundaries. The combined benefits mentiont d above appeared insufficient o outweigh the disadvantage as perceived by farmers, of displacing food crops on land cultivated for this purpose. Two species thought by researchers to have particular potential are Gliricidia and Flemingea. Gliricidia has been extensively distributed under the regreening program during the last 25 years, and in some villages adoption has been considerable with planting stock actively traded. The foliage of Gliricidia is used as fodder mainly in the dry season; in the wet season, farm -rs say the leaves are less palatable to live.',>ck, and are used as fertilizer. In some cases, leaves were composted. Gliricidia was considered to be good fuelwood, but the root system was said to be poor for terrace siabilization. Flemingea has been introduced into the area during tu. last 30 years by .heplantation crops extepsion services (for coffee shade), and by the State Forest Company for soil conservation. A few extension workers and farmer leaders have realized the potential of Flemingea for terrace stabilization and haqc tried to promote ts use on land cultivated for food crops. There has been little adoption to date, however. Farmers said that itcompetes for space with food crops -- principally cassava, which is normally planted on terrace edges. Farmers agreed that the
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Proceedings of an International Con
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MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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Preface While a great deal of inter
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Participants of the conference, lad
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The establishment and continued gro
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Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
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preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
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farm and village forestry practices
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group. A village in Thailand or Nep
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fit within the structure of each of
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There is a growing literature on vi
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A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
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Data Analysis The results of an exe
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Table 1. Dependency test between ho
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Survey and Participant Observation
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used the participant observation me
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needs to stay in the village for an
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A Descriptive Research Method to Es
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Important external data sources for
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Although a discussion of statistica
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demanded by consumers and the payme
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Table 2. Components and goals of th
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through a form of informal collusiv
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Information about the current envir
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importance to Sri Lankan society as
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Table 1. Major aspects considered i
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Table 2. Common perennial species.
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able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
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Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
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The status of fuelwood utilization
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consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
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References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
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loan, the decision is based on the
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subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
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Table 1. Components and expected ou
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traditional and simple with few exc
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levels. Education curricula should
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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or from scientific analysis of such
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Similarly, in another country, tria
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aiming at commercial markets. The t
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Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
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Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
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Research should be designed to impr
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The majority of farmers can not aff
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and worked with them in both projec
Page 95 and 96:
Timber is needed by most of the far
Page 97 and 98:
home. In Maharashtra State, several
Page 99 and 100:
Methodologies are reviewed for anal
Page 101 and 102:
Development (NERAD) Project is an a
Page 103 and 104: small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
Page 107 and 108: hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110: The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112: References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114: Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116: Research mus. concentrate on these
Page 117 and 118: esearch scientists. Many crop and f
Page 119 and 120: Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122: western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124: crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126: compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128: Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130: The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132: The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134: problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136: and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138: agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139 and 140: woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
Page 141 and 142: local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
Page 143 and 144: Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146: the mother trees for their homegard
Page 147 and 148: Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150: Applying Fanning Systems Research C
Page 151 and 152: Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
Page 153: approach that is already known abou
Page 157 and 158: leaves make good fertilizer, althou
Page 159 and 160: Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
Page 161 and 162: The growing importance of small-sca
Page 163 and 164: taking into account possible effect
Page 165 and 166: Poster Session Presentations / /
Page 167 and 168: planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
Page 169 and 170: L. leucocephala is the most well kn
Page 171 and 172: Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 173 and 174: Recently, systematic research on im
Page 175 and 176: Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
Page 177 and 178: Forest policy formulated in India u
Page 179 and 180: vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
Page 181 and 182: Table 1. List of species for degrad
Page 183 and 184: Table 3. Productivity potential of
Page 185 and 186: candidate must withstand certain ed
Page 187 and 188: arising from the fact that at the f
Page 189 and 190: Table 1. Soil properties from the e
Page 191 and 192: Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
Page 193 and 194: Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
Page 195 and 196: Table 2. Comparison of average stem
Page 197 and 198: Table 1. Area and species planted i
Page 199 and 200: Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
Page 201 and 202: The Marketing System The marketing
Page 203 and 204: The field trip, organized by the Fo
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213 213 em
Page 207 and 208:
Participants Marian delos Angeles S
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Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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