multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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validated through research before it can be transferred by extensionists. Research, in turn, is of little value if its outputs are not disseminated and applied to the end users. The interdependence between these two important activities must be kept in mind at all times so that both can advance in unison. Interdisciplinary Nature of Agroforestry Research and Extension Gone forever is the era when research and extension can be carried out by a single discipline. The multifaceted nature of rural development involving social, economic, and ecological dimensions, in which agroforestry is entrenched, dictates that all activities associated with it, including research and extension, must be carried out with the ful participation of representatives of those disciplines. Unless this is faithfully observed, success will remain elusive. References Brookfield, H.C. 1972. Intensification and disintensification in Pacific agriculture: a theoretical approach. Pacific riew-point 15:.30-48. Escalada, R.G. 1980. Manipulationof cultural practicesfor ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) for tnaxinimln organicmatterproduction and its effect on the intercroppedcassava. Baybay, Leyte, Philippines: Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, Visayas State College of Agriculture. (jetahun, A., G.F. Wilson and B.T. Kang. 1982. The role of trees in farming systems in the humid tropics. In Agroforestrv in the African Humnid Tropics, ed. L.H. MacDomild. Tokyo: United Nations University. Guevara, A.B. 1976. Management of Leucacna leucocelphala (lam.) de Wit for Maximum Yield and Nitrogen Contribution to Intercropped Corn. Ph.D. Dissertation. Honolulu: University of Hawaii. Huxley, P.A. 1984. The basis ofselection, mnanagemnent anel evalation of multipurpose trees. Working Paper No. 25. Nairobi: ICRAF. -• 1986. Rationalizingresearchon hedgerow intercropping: an overview. Working Paper No. 40. Nairobi: ICRAF. 88 .1988. Some Considerations and "5uggestions for Research on Hedgerow Intercropping. In ProceedingsofAlley Fanning Workshop, March 10-14, 1986. lbadan: IITA. Raintree, J.B. 1983. Strategies for enhancing the adoptability of agrolorestry innovations. Agroforestr, Systems 1(3): 173-188.
Multipurpose Tree Species in Agroforestry Extension Research In ge :ral, most of the hillside areas in Thailand are dry and windy all year long. T!,cy are not as productive as the fertile flat arcps. However, consitered in light of a natural resource ( o, .rvation strategy, they are vury important as b-.::cr zones betwcer' the mo itain forests, populated areas, industrial areas and permanent agricultural zones, Most of the hillide areas in which the farmers live arc similar to the mountains as far as food, fuclwood resources and other forest productL., are concerned. The association between the villagers and the mountain forests has decreasvd since the go.Urnment dccieed those areas protected forests and wildlife sanctuarics and passed a law forbhdding their utilization, Where a forested area was declared a protected reserve the farmers moved out of the forest to live in villages. Agricultural practices were modified from subsistence to methods enploying monocultures over large areas. Consequently, there has been widespread deforestation and the soil has deteriorated so that the yield no longer justifies the capital invested. When the farmers get into debt, they migrate to the cities to find work, or sell their plots and invade the forest to grow a few crops. This cycle has been rep2atcd so often that the hillsides arc dcgraded and the previously abundant mountain forests have been dcstroyed. This is a constant source of conflict be:;,ecn the Government oiThailand and the rural people. Background 'his study took place at Klong Mark Nut Village. 1.is part of the Royal Hillside Area Deveiopment Project in Prachinburi Province, near Pangsida Nz ional Pan,. A part of th,; national forest was deveoped through the Forest Village Program as a demonstration area for five nearb, villages at the foot of Bantad Mountain. Apprcximatcly 3,400 pc,,plc live in these villages. About 750 people live in the Village ol Klong Mark Nut. The village is composed of people who have moved there from several provincc, in northeast Thailand since 1967. 11is governed by a PearmsakMakarabhirom Royal Forest Delrtment Bangkok, Thailand 89 provincial committee b..--d of dire':' ors which oversees land distributiu.: o the viiiagers. 2 Three plots, for a total of 15 rai (lrai = 1,600m ) are provided to cach family under the program. The land distributed consists of one ral of living area, seven rai of rainfed land and seven rat of irrigated land. The three farmers described in the case studies, however, received only 0.5 rai for a home plot. The living area is clustered in a flat area near a source of water. Although the cultivated area is also flat, the ,oil is infertile as a result of years of monocropp'ng with cassava and maize. The problems of the villagers in this area include low yields, lack of capital to purchase inputs, low market prices for their products, and crop damage by the stroaig winds. Current'Vorestry Activities Forest activitis undertaken in dhe area oy the Royal Forest Department (RFD) include reforestation and maintenance of 500 rai/vr on steep slopes, and the establishment of village woodlots. The villagers earn income from workin in tree nurseries and on tr'ee plantations. However, there are no clear guidelines for administering the harvesting and distribution of benefits from the government woodlots. Agroforestry Extension Research Agroforestry is used to promote effective land utilization in Klong Mark Nut and nearby villacs. It also aims to encouragey increasing participation among farmers. Two important lessons have 1been learned aboui field extension research in tnis area of Thailand: the RFD does not have enough resources for a-fully funded research effort. Thus, research projects arc designed contingent upon tie researcher's interests and may not be useful to ihe farmers. Second, research projects, experiments, and demonstrations by government agencies are often not appropriate for farmers' needs. Experimental designs arc influenced by standard experimental patterns or the use of
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Proceedings of an International Con
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MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 7 and 8:
Preface While a great deal of inter
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Participants of the conference, lad
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The establishment and continued gro
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Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
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preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
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farm and village forestry practices
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group. A village in Thailand or Nep
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fit within the structure of each of
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There is a growing literature on vi
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A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
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Data Analysis The results of an exe
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Table 1. Dependency test between ho
Page 31 and 32:
Survey and Participant Observation
Page 33 and 34: used the participant observation me
Page 35 and 36: needs to stay in the village for an
Page 37 and 38: A Descriptive Research Method to Es
Page 39 and 40: Important external data sources for
Page 41 and 42: Although a discussion of statistica
Page 43 and 44: demanded by consumers and the payme
Page 45 and 46: Table 2. Components and goals of th
Page 47 and 48: through a form of informal collusiv
Page 49 and 50: Information about the current envir
Page 51 and 52: importance to Sri Lankan society as
Page 53 and 54: Table 1. Major aspects considered i
Page 55 and 56: Table 2. Common perennial species.
Page 57 and 58: able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
Page 59 and 60: Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
Page 61 and 62: The status of fuelwood utilization
Page 63 and 64: consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
Page 65 and 66: References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
Page 67 and 68: loan, the decision is based on the
Page 69 and 70: subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
Page 71 and 72: Table 1. Components and expected ou
Page 73 and 74: traditional and simple with few exc
Page 75 and 76: levels. Education curricula should
Page 77 and 78: Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 79 and 80: or from scientific analysis of such
Page 81 and 82: Similarly, in another country, tria
Page 83: aiming at commercial markets. The t
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
Page 89 and 90: Research should be designed to impr
Page 91 and 92: The majority of farmers can not aff
Page 93 and 94: and worked with them in both projec
Page 95 and 96: Timber is needed by most of the far
Page 97 and 98: home. In Maharashtra State, several
Page 99 and 100: Methodologies are reviewed for anal
Page 101 and 102: Development (NERAD) Project is an a
Page 103 and 104: small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
Page 107 and 108: hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110: The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112: References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114: Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116: Research mus. concentrate on these
Page 117 and 118: esearch scientists. Many crop and f
Page 119 and 120: Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122: western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124: crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126: compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128: Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130: The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132: The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134: problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136:
and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138:
agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139 and 140:
woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
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local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
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Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146:
the mother trees for their homegard
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Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150:
Applying Fanning Systems Research C
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Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
Page 153 and 154:
approach that is already known abou
Page 155 and 156:
Research Plans and Metotls Based on
Page 157 and 158:
leaves make good fertilizer, althou
Page 159 and 160:
Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
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The growing importance of small-sca
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taking into account possible effect
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Poster Session Presentations / /
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planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
Page 169 and 170:
L. leucocephala is the most well kn
Page 171 and 172:
Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 173 and 174:
Recently, systematic research on im
Page 175 and 176:
Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
Page 177 and 178:
Forest policy formulated in India u
Page 179 and 180:
vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
Page 181 and 182:
Table 1. List of species for degrad
Page 183 and 184:
Table 3. Productivity potential of
Page 185 and 186:
candidate must withstand certain ed
Page 187 and 188:
arising from the fact that at the f
Page 189 and 190:
Table 1. Soil properties from the e
Page 191 and 192:
Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
Page 193 and 194:
Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
Page 195 and 196:
Table 2. Comparison of average stem
Page 197 and 198:
Table 1. Area and species planted i
Page 199 and 200:
Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
Page 201 and 202:
The Marketing System The marketing
Page 203 and 204:
The field trip, organized by the Fo
Page 205 and 206:
213 213 em
Page 207 and 208:
Participants Marian delos Angeles S
Page 209:
Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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