multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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grandis) trees at 6x6m were planted. He planted 100 Eucalyptus trees, 40 Leucaena, 40 cassod trees, and 100 clumps ofB. niana around the edges of his plot. The project did the initial plowing with a tractor. Update - One Year Later Boonserm Patangkam had planted 1,193 more trees of 27 species. There are now approximately 75 trees/rai on his plots. He also grew plants to iiinrovc the soil, and trees for boundary markers anat fences. During the growing season of 1988/89, he earned 14,180 Baht from his rice harvest. He received 5,44X) Baht from the field crops grown between the trees. He raised fish in the rice paddy, kept a hive of bees, and started a small nursery. In 1990 he will earn about 7,00()0 Baht from the propagation of four kinds of fruit trees with a total of 350 cuttings. Boonhkcng Sansakorn planted 1,073 more trees of 26 species. There are now about 74 trees/rai. He cultivated plants to improve the soil and planted MPTS around the boundary of his plots as well as on his honieplot. During the growing season of 1988/89 he earned 8,910 Baht from rice, and 4,600 Baht from field crops and vegetables, Boonlieng expects to earn 4,(X)) Baht from propagating plants in 1990. Nual Dewa planted 1,817 more trees of 27 species. There are now a )out 125 trees/rai on his land. He interplantcd field crops with fruit trees. He also planted MPTS around the boundary of his plots and his home. In 1988/89 lie earned 8,250 Baht from rice, and 4,600 Baht from field crops. Nual expects to earn about 5,000 Baht from a good variety of 250 propagated cutIivgs in 1990. Constraints to Research Activities The length of time to produce results is rather long, even with the fastest-growing trees. This damrens the enthusiasm of both researchers and farmers. The length of time before harvest in agroforestry systems can be a problem. If the trees are damaged or destroyed for any reason, the data will be skewed. It is difficult to start another trial and thus, the project runs the risk of failure. Research activities are nct continuous. The farmers have little time to observe results over a long time frame, even with fast-growing trees, as there is constant work !o do in the fields. Farmers sometimes may forget to monitor growth. 92 Interference from other agricultural campaigns encourages farmers to focus on activities with higher sbort-term profits. The project lacks technicians in related fields such as economics, animal science, and agriculture so it is not possible to put together a multidisciplinary project. Recommendations Research should be undertaken only with farmers who are enthusiastic about participating. Good motivation will enable them to see the research through to .he end of the project. The farmers should have a role in designing and planning the research because they understand the problems they face in trying to maximize yields better than the researchers. The farmers need to be trained to collect data, with frequent visits and updates from the researchers so they will monitor the trees in the trials more closely. They need to understand the progress of the experiment in order to take better care of the trees under study. The research procedure should be simple enough for farmers to learn easily. Moreover, local resources should be utilized. The project design should complemeat the on-farm activities so the researchers and farmers can work together as a team. In addition, the new techniques should fit into the system already used by the farmers with the least disruption possible, ic. the design should not drastically alter the existing infrastructure such as dikes, fences, walls, etc. Research should not be undertaken where the farmers are put at risk. On-farm research is simultaneously used for purposes of demonstration, promotion and publicity. Research which fails means the farmers will be less willing to participate in subsequent research. Practical, ipplied research should be emphasized over theoretical research which is inappropriate for local conditions. Research closely matching what the farmers are already doing will be an incentive for the farmers to use the successful results to improve their present situation.
Research should be designed to improve the standard of living on small farms. Therefore, the research should be undertaken on-farm. Reference Makarabhirom, P. 1988. On-Fann Agroforesty Demonstration andEtension Study at Ban Pakdipandin and Ban Klong Mark Nut Village Royal Project, Prachinbuii Province. Technical Paper 24. Bangkok: Royal Forestry Department. 93
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Proceedings of an International Con
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MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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Preface While a great deal of inter
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Participants of the conference, lad
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The establishment and continued gro
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Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
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preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
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farm and village forestry practices
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group. A village in Thailand or Nep
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fit within the structure of each of
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There is a growing literature on vi
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A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
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Data Analysis The results of an exe
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Table 1. Dependency test between ho
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Survey and Participant Observation
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used the participant observation me
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needs to stay in the village for an
Page 37 and 38: A Descriptive Research Method to Es
Page 39 and 40: Important external data sources for
Page 41 and 42: Although a discussion of statistica
Page 43 and 44: demanded by consumers and the payme
Page 45 and 46: Table 2. Components and goals of th
Page 47 and 48: through a form of informal collusiv
Page 49 and 50: Information about the current envir
Page 51 and 52: importance to Sri Lankan society as
Page 53 and 54: Table 1. Major aspects considered i
Page 55 and 56: Table 2. Common perennial species.
Page 57 and 58: able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
Page 59 and 60: Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
Page 61 and 62: The status of fuelwood utilization
Page 63 and 64: consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
Page 65 and 66: References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
Page 67 and 68: loan, the decision is based on the
Page 69 and 70: subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
Page 71 and 72: Table 1. Components and expected ou
Page 73 and 74: traditional and simple with few exc
Page 75 and 76: levels. Education curricula should
Page 77 and 78: Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 79 and 80: or from scientific analysis of such
Page 81 and 82: Similarly, in another country, tria
Page 83 and 84: aiming at commercial markets. The t
Page 85 and 86: Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
Page 87: Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
Page 91 and 92: The majority of farmers can not aff
Page 93 and 94: and worked with them in both projec
Page 95 and 96: Timber is needed by most of the far
Page 97 and 98: home. In Maharashtra State, several
Page 99 and 100: Methodologies are reviewed for anal
Page 101 and 102: Development (NERAD) Project is an a
Page 103 and 104: small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
Page 107 and 108: hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110: The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112: References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114: Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116: Research mus. concentrate on these
Page 117 and 118: esearch scientists. Many crop and f
Page 119 and 120: Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122: western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124: crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126: compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128: Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130: The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132: The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134: problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136: and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138: agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139 and 140:
woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
Page 141 and 142:
local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
Page 143 and 144:
Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
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the mother trees for their homegard
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Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150:
Applying Fanning Systems Research C
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Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
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approach that is already known abou
Page 155 and 156:
Research Plans and Metotls Based on
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leaves make good fertilizer, althou
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Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
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The growing importance of small-sca
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taking into account possible effect
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Poster Session Presentations / /
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planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
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L. leucocephala is the most well kn
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Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 173 and 174:
Recently, systematic research on im
Page 175 and 176:
Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
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Forest policy formulated in India u
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vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
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Table 1. List of species for degrad
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Table 3. Productivity potential of
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candidate must withstand certain ed
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arising from the fact that at the f
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Table 1. Soil properties from the e
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Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
Page 193 and 194:
Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
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Table 2. Comparison of average stem
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Table 1. Area and species planted i
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Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
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The Marketing System The marketing
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The field trip, organized by the Fo
Page 205 and 206:
213 213 em
Page 207 and 208:
Participants Marian delos Angeles S
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Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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