multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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Appendix. Tabulated frequency of farmers' response to variables measuring the desirability cf selected MPTS. Experience Xt Availability of the species in thc iotal area Recognize Not recognize X2 Multiple uses of the species Recognize Not recognize Knowledge X3 Species' growth features Known Not kno';-a X4 Species' agroforestry potential Known Not known X 5 Presence of GO/NGO support Aware Not aware X6 Associated problems of the species Aware iot aware 179 L. leucocephala Don't Use Use 30 0 30 0 Number of farmers responding 0 1 0 1 Don't Prefer Prefer 25 3 21 3 23 1 1 3 3 0 0 7 4 3 25 2 A. auriculif, :*v A. mangiun Use 4 0 3 1 Prefer 4 5 4 2 5 2 2 3 Don't Don't Use Use Use 2 4 6 25 1 20 0 4 6 27 1 20 Don't Don't Prefer Prefer Prefer 6 4 5 16 4 18 1 4 1 24 2 24 3 5 2 21 3 21 24 2 23 2 3 3
Recently, systematic research on improved varieties, cultivation techniques and intercropping utilizing Paulownia has been completed under the sponsorship of the Chinese Academy of Forestry with financial support from the International Development Research Centre of Canada (IDRC) Considerable progress has been made and utilization of the research results has been widespread. The area now intercropped with Paulownia has reached 2.33-2.67 million hectares over 10 provinces. These provinces, the major wheat producing areas inChina, are densely populated with each farm household subsisting on only 0.6ha of cultivated land. The effects of intercropping with Paulownia on food production, farmers' income and the Paulownia timber market (both supply and demand) need to be studied. After more than 10 years of research, the favorable results have increased small-scale farmers' interest in intercropping. Rationale A basic problem in densely populated rural areas suffering from a lack of available cultivated land is that farmers can not afford to reduce their food production by diverting cropland to tree production, while at the same time, these areas urgently need productive and protection forests. One way to solve this dilemma is to interplant crops with trees on the same land. Paulownia is one of several multipurpose tree species (MPTS) appropriate for such a system. An analysis of intercropping wheat with Paulownizr provides an example of the efficient use of scarce land resources. Ecological Economic Efficiency Analysis Intercropping wheat with Paulownia can increase farm productivity about 50 percent corpared to planting only wheat. Several reasons for this include the fact that the utilization ratio of field space can be increased by intercropping, the amount of time cropland is utilized for production each year is extended, and the nutrient needs of wheat and Paulownia are complementary so that Research on Intercropping Paulownia on Small Farms Hou Zhi Zheng and Di Sheng Iltitute of Forery Economy Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China 180 soil fertility can be fully utilized. The trees can alter the microclimate of the field to create an environment favorable for improved crop yields. They can regulate the temperature and sunlight in the wheat growth stage to raise wheat yields and ameliorate the harmful effects of dry winds. Paulownia has few deleterious effects on wheat growing. When the wheat isfertilized and weeded, the Paulownia is indirectly managed, which accelerates its growth. Intercropping Models Three models were developed for the research trials. Inthe first model, crops are the dominant feature, accounting for 80% of the total planted area. The trial was designed with the rows of Paulownia spaced at 30-50m from north to south, with trees planted every 5-6m along the rows. The density of trees was 45-90/ha with a rotation of 10 years, and each year one wheat and one autumn crop were harvested. A second model with equal emphasis on both the crop and trees was used in flat areas on both sides of a river where wind and sand were constraints to growth, about 15 percent of the total area under study. In that area the distance between rows was 10m, with the rows running parallel to the plowing contours. Trees were planted every 5-6m at a density of 165-195 trees/ha. Again, the rotation was 10 years, with a thinning after 5-6 years, with one wheat and one autumn crop harvested each year. A model with Paulownia as the dominant feature was carried out over 5 percent of the study area. Paulownia grows fast on moist, fertile land. However, small plots of farmland not suited for crops can be utilized to plant the trees and more intensive measures can be taken to realize high yields. The trees were spaced at 5x5 or 5x6m at a density of 330-390 trees/ha. Alter 4-5 years when the canopy closed, every other tree was thinned. At 7-8 years, the same
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Proceedings of an International Con
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MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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Preface While a great deal of inter
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Participants of the conference, lad
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The establishment and continued gro
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Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
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preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
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farm and village forestry practices
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group. A village in Thailand or Nep
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fit within the structure of each of
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There is a growing literature on vi
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A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
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Data Analysis The results of an exe
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Table 1. Dependency test between ho
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Survey and Participant Observation
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used the participant observation me
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needs to stay in the village for an
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A Descriptive Research Method to Es
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Important external data sources for
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Although a discussion of statistica
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demanded by consumers and the payme
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Table 2. Components and goals of th
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through a form of informal collusiv
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Information about the current envir
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importance to Sri Lankan society as
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Table 1. Major aspects considered i
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Table 2. Common perennial species.
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able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
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Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
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The status of fuelwood utilization
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consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
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References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
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loan, the decision is based on the
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subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
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Table 1. Components and expected ou
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traditional and simple with few exc
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levels. Education curricula should
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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or from scientific analysis of such
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Similarly, in another country, tria
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aiming at commercial markets. The t
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Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
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Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
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Research should be designed to impr
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The majority of farmers can not aff
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and worked with them in both projec
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Timber is needed by most of the far
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home. In Maharashtra State, several
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Methodologies are reviewed for anal
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Development (NERAD) Project is an a
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small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
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Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
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hectare of cultivated land requires
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The farmers' choice of species lead
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References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
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Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
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Research mus. concentrate on these
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esearch scientists. Many crop and f
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Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122: western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124: crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126: compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128: Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130: The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132: The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134: problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136: and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138: agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139 and 140: woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
Page 141 and 142: local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
Page 143 and 144: Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146: the mother trees for their homegard
Page 147 and 148: Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150: Applying Fanning Systems Research C
Page 151 and 152: Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
Page 153 and 154: approach that is already known abou
Page 155 and 156: Research Plans and Metotls Based on
Page 157 and 158: leaves make good fertilizer, althou
Page 159 and 160: Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
Page 161 and 162: The growing importance of small-sca
Page 163 and 164: taking into account possible effect
Page 165 and 166: Poster Session Presentations / /
Page 167 and 168: planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
Page 169 and 170: L. leucocephala is the most well kn
Page 171: Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 175 and 176: Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
Page 177 and 178: Forest policy formulated in India u
Page 179 and 180: vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
Page 181 and 182: Table 1. List of species for degrad
Page 183 and 184: Table 3. Productivity potential of
Page 185 and 186: candidate must withstand certain ed
Page 187 and 188: arising from the fact that at the f
Page 189 and 190: Table 1. Soil properties from the e
Page 191 and 192: Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
Page 193 and 194: Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
Page 195 and 196: Table 2. Comparison of average stem
Page 197 and 198: Table 1. Area and species planted i
Page 199 and 200: Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
Page 201 and 202: The Marketing System The marketing
Page 203 and 204: The field trip, organized by the Fo
Page 205 and 206: 213 213 em
Page 207 and 208: Participants Marian delos Angeles S
Page 209: Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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