multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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Table 1. Area and landscape specific planting niches for MPTS. Area Location Planting Form Lower Zone Homegarden Live fence/boundary trees. Dike, roadside and fishpond edge tree,. Hill Live fence for field protection. Field boundary trees for plot demarcation. Hedgerow intcrcropping with cassava. Hedgerow or scattered trees on terrace edges. Dense planting of eroded, abandoned land. Dense bands of trccs/shrubs planted at foot of slope for production of fuel, green manure and/or fodder. Small commercial woodlot, producing fuelwood as a byproduct. Middle Zone Homegarden Live fence/boundary trees. Hedgerow intercropping. Scattered light shade trees for tea and other crops. Hill/Forest Field boundary trees. Contour line planting between garden agricultural crops. Temporary planting of closely spaced shade trees or shrubs for establishing tea plantations. Widely spaced permanent tr-es giviiig light shade to established tea plantation.,. Band planting of trees (spacing varying with species & objective) at certain points on the lope. Small commercial woodlot producing fuclwood as a byproduct. Widely spaced valuable timber and fruit trees in fields. Trees pollarded to reduce crop shading effects. Tree planting along ,ill paths/tracks and waterways. Upper Zone Hill/Forest Rotational hedgcr,w intcrcropping. Improved fallow. garden Band cropping. Rotational taungya system. 146
local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS, assist in conducting and monitoring trials and avoid duplication of effort. Such organizaticns often have a good undcrstavding of local farming conditions and can identify progressive, innovative farmers able to conduct certain types of MPTS research, Research Methods Increasing empilasis will be placed on developing a partnership between farmers and researchers using the cooperative structure in a supportive rather than a controlling role. As a link between the project and the household, the brigade may represent art appropriate medium for identifying research participants, facilitating group evaluation exercises and testing MPTS extension, Brigades can be considered as social units. They are often based on traditional settlement patterns vith each brigade representing a hamlc and maintaining an elected leader. All MPTS research should form the first step in a logical progression from the investigation stage through to adoption. Applied and adaptive researt ' trials should lead to demonstrations, pilot extension drograms and general extension programs with seedlings and extension advice being made widely available. Field activilics should be carefully diffcrentiatcd to avoid the pitfall of trying to do two d;fferent things on the same site, which is rarely successful. Since MPTS research in north Vietnam is currently trying to identify both the species and management role of MPTS appropriate for the small farm environment, the general method of research must be based on an invcstigative approach. Farmers should be engaged in both the examination of farm-scale land use problems and conductitng and evaluation of trials. Rapid rural appraisal (RRA) techniques can be usefully employed in both problem identification and in the evaluation of results. This will develop the team approach to research work that is so important if results and experiences are to be openly discussed and developed. Research methods should be governed by the principle that "researchers must be able to provide more useful, concrete, interpretable, and predictive results than farmers and innovative extension agents" (Robinson and Thompson 1987). It is therefore suggested that M PTS research adopt a household pcrspective linking the design and evaluation of managcment trials to an awareness of the impact on the household. This can refer to either the level of demand for a particular product 147 or tree effect on agricultural production. Finally, all research work must be ,,arcfully and religiously documented using a standardized format that concentrates oii brevity and accuracy. When dealing with the smali farm situation it is easy to misinterpret trial results and farmer's comments on MPTS in thc absence of a full understanding of the pertinent details. Research Agenda To conclude thi:., look at the orientation of MPTS research, a time frame must be considered. For farmers to achieve the land management opportunities presented to them under Vietnam's new policies, MPTS research will need to be well planned and rigorous, carefully leading as well as Icarning from complementary extension activities. There is a danger of researchers and policy makers adopting a blind faith in agroforestry, utilizing MPTS in combination with agriculture as a panacca for all land use problems. The process to dccmine where and in what form agroforestry and MPTS are the optimum solution is inevitably time consuming. Therefore, a research agenda is required rather than a blueprint for action with its associated preference for models. The first step in setting such an agenda must be the identification of priorities. In 1990 the project will focus on SETs, both first round and second round site-specific investigations, tests of best bet species under on-farm co:tditions, management trials involving Tephrosia candida, fuclwood production systcas. and tests of agroforcstry interventions. These planting activities will be supported by further investigations into indigenous species which may warrant inclusion in the MPTS research program. Notes t or the purpose of discussion the landscape of the project area can be divide- in!,) two portions, lowland -consisting of wet rice land, and upland -- all land above the paddy. A typical landscape thereby consists of islands of hill land (upland) surrounded by rice fields. in Vietnam, land isofficially clissified into five categories: agricultural land, forest ind, residenlial land, specialized land, and unused land. Ihis classification may refer to intended land use rather than actual use, ie.areas of forest land can be borrowed temporarily for cassava cultivation.
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Proceedings of an International Con
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MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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Preface While a great deal of inter
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Participants of the conference, lad
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The establishment and continued gro
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Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
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preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
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farm and village forestry practices
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group. A village in Thailand or Nep
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fit within the structure of each of
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There is a growing literature on vi
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A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
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Data Analysis The results of an exe
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Table 1. Dependency test between ho
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Survey and Participant Observation
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used the participant observation me
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needs to stay in the village for an
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A Descriptive Research Method to Es
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Important external data sources for
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Although a discussion of statistica
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demanded by consumers and the payme
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Table 2. Components and goals of th
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through a form of informal collusiv
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Information about the current envir
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importance to Sri Lankan society as
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Table 1. Major aspects considered i
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Table 2. Common perennial species.
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able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
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Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
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The status of fuelwood utilization
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consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
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References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
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loan, the decision is based on the
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subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
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Table 1. Components and expected ou
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traditional and simple with few exc
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levels. Education curricula should
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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or from scientific analysis of such
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Similarly, in another country, tria
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aiming at commercial markets. The t
Page 85 and 86:
Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
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Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
Page 89 and 90: Research should be designed to impr
Page 91 and 92: The majority of farmers can not aff
Page 93 and 94: and worked with them in both projec
Page 95 and 96: Timber is needed by most of the far
Page 97 and 98: home. In Maharashtra State, several
Page 99 and 100: Methodologies are reviewed for anal
Page 101 and 102: Development (NERAD) Project is an a
Page 103 and 104: small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
Page 107 and 108: hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110: The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112: References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114: Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116: Research mus. concentrate on these
Page 117 and 118: esearch scientists. Many crop and f
Page 119 and 120: Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122: western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124: crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126: compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128: Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130: The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132: The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134: problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136: and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138: agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139: woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
Page 143 and 144: Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146: the mother trees for their homegard
Page 147 and 148: Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150: Applying Fanning Systems Research C
Page 151 and 152: Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
Page 153 and 154: approach that is already known abou
Page 155 and 156: Research Plans and Metotls Based on
Page 157 and 158: leaves make good fertilizer, althou
Page 159 and 160: Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
Page 161 and 162: The growing importance of small-sca
Page 163 and 164: taking into account possible effect
Page 165 and 166: Poster Session Presentations / /
Page 167 and 168: planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
Page 169 and 170: L. leucocephala is the most well kn
Page 171 and 172: Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 173 and 174: Recently, systematic research on im
Page 175 and 176: Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
Page 177 and 178: Forest policy formulated in India u
Page 179 and 180: vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
Page 181 and 182: Table 1. List of species for degrad
Page 183 and 184: Table 3. Productivity potential of
Page 185 and 186: candidate must withstand certain ed
Page 187 and 188: arising from the fact that at the f
Page 189 and 190: Table 1. Soil properties from the e
Page 191 and 192:
Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
Page 193 and 194:
Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
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Table 2. Comparison of average stem
Page 197 and 198:
Table 1. Area and species planted i
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Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
Page 201 and 202:
The Marketing System The marketing
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The field trip, organized by the Fo
Page 205 and 206:
213 213 em
Page 207 and 208:
Participants Marian delos Angeles S
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Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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