multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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Conclusion Paulownia is a good multipurpose tree species appropriate for small farm development. Technological improvements in growing and utilizg Paulownia need to be investigated further. The dcvclopmcnt strategy should focus on breeding and selection, seed production, plantalion management, harvesting and processing techniques, and marketing in a systems approach to develop intercropping combinations that will promote economic development on small farms. 183
Forest policy formulated in India u:, early as 1894 stressed the need for forest conservation for environmental protection. The first National Forest Policy of Free India, dri.fted in 1;%2, reaffirmed this concept and suggested cemplementary land uses and reforestation of land other than that under the control of the Forest Service. The latest policy, revised in 1988, again urged stewardship of eroded slopes and degraded lands for soil and water conservation, and to improve productivity and meet local needs for fuel and fodder. Tree felling on sensitive slopes has since been banned, and large-scale community plantations have been established on degraded land to meet local needs for fuel, fodder, fibers and small timber. These policies indicate the presence of political will and a concern for reforestation of degraded land, but this can not be achieved unless considerable sums of money are appropriated. The present Indian population of 810 million may exceed ene billion by the close of this century. The availability of fuelwood, the main sourie of energy for the rural masses, is 40 millior~m /yr compared to a demand of 240 million m /yr. Per capita forest area in India is 0.1 lha compared to the world average of 1.04ha. Merchantabl: gross annual incremenj varies between 0.5-0.9m /ha as opposed to 2.5m /ha for the world. This shortfall requires efforts on the scale of an all-out war to escalate wood production as fast as possible. Fuel and fodder are scarce commodities, vegetative resources are overexploited, and the person days of labor expended in their collection is staggering. Verma (1-9) estimated that on average, 0.5 to 1.0 person days per family per week is spent collecting fuclwood and fodder, and suggests that 3.4 million people are involved in this who could more profitably be diverted to more useful activities. Degraded habitats are a potential area for reforestation and can improve the outlook for the future with the people's involvement and careful planning. Degraded lands are either inherently unproductive or have been made so due to faulty Proiuction Potential offDegraded Lands with Multipurpose Tree Species D.N. Puri Central Soil & Water Cxservation Research and Training Institute Dehra Dun, India 184 soil management practices. Waste lands wiih tree production potential suffer from constraints which need to be addressed for economic tree growth. An often overlooked area for profitably cultivating trees is the fringe areas of fertile land along roads, canals, and around buildings. Identification of Constraints Four major categories of constraints can be broadly characterized as physical, environmental, biological and socioeconomic. Physical constraints include conditions such as rocky outcrops; the presence of boulders and gravel in the soil; a high degree of slope; salinity, alkalinity and waterlogging; landslides, exposed sites; and poor nutrient and moisture conditions. Biological constraints include interactions of humans and animals with the resources; pests and diseases; and ecological imbalances. Environmental constraints are imposed by the interaction of rainfall and temperature; erosivity of rain and wind; moisture and nutrient balance; and overexposure to radiant energy. Sociocconomic crstraints include the attitudes and reaction of the people collectively as a community, or as a family unit, playing a pivotal role in the effective development of a people's program. The success or failure of a program depends on the value attributed to the person days of labor spent in fuel and fodder collection. Ready cash in hand for forest enrichment planting, marketability of the output, and the sharing of benefits promote interest and identification with the project. Management Practices To-improve the productivity of degraded lands, the above constraints need careful consideration. Economic viability is the key for successful implementation of rehabilitation
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Proceedings of an International Con
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MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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Preface While a great deal of inter
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Participants of the conference, lad
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The establishment and continued gro
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Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
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preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
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farm and village forestry practices
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group. A village in Thailand or Nep
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fit within the structure of each of
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There is a growing literature on vi
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A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
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Data Analysis The results of an exe
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Table 1. Dependency test between ho
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Survey and Participant Observation
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used the participant observation me
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needs to stay in the village for an
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A Descriptive Research Method to Es
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Important external data sources for
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Although a discussion of statistica
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demanded by consumers and the payme
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Table 2. Components and goals of th
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through a form of informal collusiv
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Information about the current envir
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importance to Sri Lankan society as
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Table 1. Major aspects considered i
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Table 2. Common perennial species.
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able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
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Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
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The status of fuelwood utilization
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consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
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References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
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loan, the decision is based on the
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subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
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Table 1. Components and expected ou
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traditional and simple with few exc
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levels. Education curricula should
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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or from scientific analysis of such
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Similarly, in another country, tria
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aiming at commercial markets. The t
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Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
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Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
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Research should be designed to impr
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The majority of farmers can not aff
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and worked with them in both projec
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Timber is needed by most of the far
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home. In Maharashtra State, several
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Methodologies are reviewed for anal
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Development (NERAD) Project is an a
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small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
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Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
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hectare of cultivated land requires
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The farmers' choice of species lead
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References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
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Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
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Research mus. concentrate on these
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esearch scientists. Many crop and f
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Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
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western half of Timor. It is the po
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crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126: compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128: Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130: The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132: The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134: problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136: and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138: agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139 and 140: woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
Page 141 and 142: local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
Page 143 and 144: Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146: the mother trees for their homegard
Page 147 and 148: Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150: Applying Fanning Systems Research C
Page 151 and 152: Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
Page 153 and 154: approach that is already known abou
Page 155 and 156: Research Plans and Metotls Based on
Page 157 and 158: leaves make good fertilizer, althou
Page 159 and 160: Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
Page 161 and 162: The growing importance of small-sca
Page 163 and 164: taking into account possible effect
Page 165 and 166: Poster Session Presentations / /
Page 167 and 168: planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
Page 169 and 170: L. leucocephala is the most well kn
Page 171 and 172: Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 173 and 174: Recently, systematic research on im
Page 175: Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
Page 179 and 180: vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
Page 181 and 182: Table 1. List of species for degrad
Page 183 and 184: Table 3. Productivity potential of
Page 185 and 186: candidate must withstand certain ed
Page 187 and 188: arising from the fact that at the f
Page 189 and 190: Table 1. Soil properties from the e
Page 191 and 192: Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
Page 193 and 194: Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
Page 195 and 196: Table 2. Comparison of average stem
Page 197 and 198: Table 1. Area and species planted i
Page 199 and 200: Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
Page 201 and 202: The Marketing System The marketing
Page 203 and 204: The field trip, organized by the Fo
Page 205 and 206: 213 213 em
Page 207 and 208: Participants Marian delos Angeles S
Page 209: Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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