multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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The utility of this technique to MPTS is the ability to analyze the adoption process in detail. In designing an appropriate extension program it is necessary to identify the target audience, and to design the program to meet their needs. This model allows the identification of individuals, using a range of criteria, who are likely to be responsive to the program. The mathematical specification of the logit model is presented below. Let Y = 0 be the outcome of the dependent variable to be explained by a number of other variables Xi, i = 1 to n. Otherwise Y = 1. Let P(Y = 0) be the probability that an event Y will take the value. 0. Then P(Y = 1) = 1 - P(Y =0). The logit model assumes that the probability P(Y =0) takes the form: P(Y=0) = 1/{1 + exp(bo + biXi + b2X2 + .The Then the value of P(Y = 1) is P(Y = 1) = exp(bo + biXi + b 2X 2 + ...)/{I + exp(bo + blXI + ...)}. The model then allows for easy estimation of the parameters bi, since the odds, defined as the ratio of P(Y = 1) to P(Y = 0), is a linear function: P(Y = 1)/P(Y =0) = exp(bo + bIXI + b 2X 2 + ... ). This function can be estimated if the values of P are known for each value of X. However, in the case of individual observations, if the observed data refer to Y and not to P, the simple method of estimation cannot be used. The parameters of b can be estimated using the method of maximum likelihood instead. The computation is made simple by using available software packages which contain routines to process the data using the model (Hall and Lilien 1986). A Hypethetical Example Consider the case of a village involved in a proposed woodlot project. The project design team wants to find out if the villagers are interested in taking part in planting for fuelwood. There are many factors involved, as previously described. They theorize that interest in participating will 108 depend on factors such as land ownership, the extent of land holding, the time spent collecting fuelwood, the distance traveled, etc. To establish the importance of the various factors in assessing the response, they take a sample survey of the villagers, noting the response and the various characteristics ol the respondents. The model would look like this: INTER = f (LAND,TIME,CROPIN,DIST, FUELAQ) where INTER = 0 if the farmer is not interested in tree planting = 1 if he/she is interested LAND = extent of land holding by farmer TIME = time spent to collect fuelwood CROPIN = income from cropping by the farmer DIST = the distance traveled to collect fuelwood FUELAQ = method of acquiring fuelwood, whether by self or by purchase results are presented in Table 1. The rt;.-elt indicates that farmers are more likely to be iierestcd in participating in the project if they have to go a Iong way to collect fuelwood, if they spend a lot oftime on the task, or if they earn high incomes from cash crops (coefficients for DIST, TIME and CROPIN are positive). However, they are less likely to agree to the project if their land holding is large, or if they purchase fuclwood from others (the coefficients for LAND and FUELAQ are negative). This result certainly suggests the role of cost factors in influencing the farmers' preference for the project, yet at the same time the effect of land holding might be unexpected if it were be!ieved that farmers wit h large holdin s would be favorably inclined to participate in the project. In any case, the model identifies the relevant factors influencing the outcome of a pro posed project and assesses the weight of each factor on the attitude of the farmer. This knowledge would greatly enhance the design process for creating projects to meet the needs and the wishes of the villagers.
Table 1. Hypothetical logit test results. Variable Coefficient CROPIN 0.00036 LAND - 0.02040 DIST 2.21696 FUELAO -0.57408 TIME 0.26392 Log likelihood -13.5138 Cases with INTER = 1 85 Cases with INTER = 0 5 References Craig, IA. 1985. Cropping Systems Trial Results from the Northeast Rainfed Agricultural Development (NERAD) Project. Paper esented at the International Dryland Soils/ ater Management Workshop, Feb. 24 - March 1, 1985. Thailand: Khon Kaen University. Evans, J. 1988. Overview of Tree Planting on Small Farms in the Tropics. In Afhutipurpose Tree Species-forSinall-Farm Use, eds. D. Withington, K. MacDickcn, C.B. Sastry and N. Adams. Arlington, Virginia: Winrock International and IDRC. Feder, G., T. Onchan, Y. Chalamwong, C. Hong adarom. 1986. Land Ownership Security, Farm Productivity, and Land Policies in Rural Thailand. World Bank. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. n.d. Forestland For the People, A forest village project in Northeast 7hailand.Bangkok: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Grandstaff, S.W., T.B. Grandstaff, P. Rathakette, D.E. Thomas, and J. Thomas. 1986. Trees in Paddy Fields in Northeast Thailand. In TraditionalAgriculture in South East Asia: A Human Ecology Perspective, ed. G.G. Martin. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Hall, R.E. and D.M. Lilien. 1986. Micro TSP User's Manual Vcrsion 5.0, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 109 STD Error T-stat 0.0002 1.7778 10.0331 0.6154 0.9386 2.3619 0.7190 0.7984 0.3079 0.8571 Ruthenberg, H. 1985. Innovation Policy for Small Farmers in the Tropics. In Economics of Technical Innovations forAgricultural Development, ed. H.E. Jahnke. Clarendon Press. Published in Thai Chuangcham, P. 1986. The Management of Village Public Land, the Case of Tambol Namuang Selaphoun Distric4 Roiet Province. Bangkok: NERAD Project. .1987. The Acceptance of Technology by Fanners in the NERAD Project. Bangkok: NERAD Project. Faculty of Forestry. 1983. Agroforestry Systems in Thailand: Theoy andPractice. Seminar for Forestry Graduate Students. Bangkok: Kasetsart University. Forestry Research Center. 1985. 7he Inpact of the Forest Land Occupancy (STK) Project. Bangkok: Kasetsart University, Faculty of Forestry. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. 1986. Promising Technologies: NERAD Project 1982-1986. Bangkok: MAC. Project for Ecological Recovery. 1989. Proceedings of a Seminar on the Forest Crisisand Village Ways ofLife. March 17-18, Cha-am, Petchaburi, Thailand.
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Proceedings of an International Con
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MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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Preface While a great deal of inter
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Participants of the conference, lad
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The establishment and continued gro
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Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
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preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
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farm and village forestry practices
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group. A village in Thailand or Nep
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fit within the structure of each of
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There is a growing literature on vi
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A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
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Data Analysis The results of an exe
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Table 1. Dependency test between ho
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Survey and Participant Observation
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used the participant observation me
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needs to stay in the village for an
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A Descriptive Research Method to Es
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Important external data sources for
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Although a discussion of statistica
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demanded by consumers and the payme
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Table 2. Components and goals of th
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through a form of informal collusiv
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Information about the current envir
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importance to Sri Lankan society as
Page 53 and 54: Table 1. Major aspects considered i
Page 55 and 56: Table 2. Common perennial species.
Page 57 and 58: able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
Page 59 and 60: Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
Page 61 and 62: The status of fuelwood utilization
Page 63 and 64: consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
Page 65 and 66: References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
Page 67 and 68: loan, the decision is based on the
Page 69 and 70: subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
Page 71 and 72: Table 1. Components and expected ou
Page 73 and 74: traditional and simple with few exc
Page 75 and 76: levels. Education curricula should
Page 77 and 78: Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 79 and 80: or from scientific analysis of such
Page 81 and 82: Similarly, in another country, tria
Page 83 and 84: aiming at commercial markets. The t
Page 85 and 86: Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
Page 89 and 90: Research should be designed to impr
Page 91 and 92: The majority of farmers can not aff
Page 93 and 94: and worked with them in both projec
Page 95 and 96: Timber is needed by most of the far
Page 97 and 98: home. In Maharashtra State, several
Page 99 and 100: Methodologies are reviewed for anal
Page 101 and 102: Development (NERAD) Project is an a
Page 103: small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
Page 107 and 108: hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110: The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112: References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114: Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116: Research mus. concentrate on these
Page 117 and 118: esearch scientists. Many crop and f
Page 119 and 120: Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122: western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124: crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126: compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128: Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130: The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132: The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134: problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136: and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138: agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139 and 140: woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
Page 141 and 142: local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
Page 143 and 144: Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146: the mother trees for their homegard
Page 147 and 148: Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150: Applying Fanning Systems Research C
Page 151 and 152: Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
Page 153 and 154: approach that is already known abou
Page 155 and 156:
Research Plans and Metotls Based on
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leaves make good fertilizer, althou
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Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
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The growing importance of small-sca
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taking into account possible effect
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Poster Session Presentations / /
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planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
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L. leucocephala is the most well kn
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Table 4. Probability significance (
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Recently, systematic research on im
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Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
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Forest policy formulated in India u
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vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
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Table 1. List of species for degrad
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Table 3. Productivity potential of
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candidate must withstand certain ed
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arising from the fact that at the f
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Table 1. Soil properties from the e
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Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
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Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
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Table 2. Comparison of average stem
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Table 1. Area and species planted i
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Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
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The Marketing System The marketing
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The field trip, organized by the Fo
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213 213 em
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Participants Marian delos Angeles S
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Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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