multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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developing practical recommendations for quantitative data and activities under their extension. The design of these activities should be control. In the future, active involvement of dependent on the type of information needed. In farmers, and reliance on their opinion needs to some cases, careful researcher managed be increasingly developed to make research experiments or structured surveys are needed to more effective and efficient. provide quantitative data. In other cases, a more qualitative evaluation adoption, from farmer of manaped farmer opinion e :periments or or informal surveys, will be sufficient to define future research and extension needs. Researchers are generally more comfortable with 'hard' Planning decisions Activity type Is the problem clearly defined? DIAGNOSIS YES NO of problems and recommendation domain Are the best solutions obvious? I _________________________TESTING YES NO __ _ _ _of solutions and development of alternative technology Is the alternative clearly better than farmer's practice? VERIFICATION of YES NO alternative technology Do farmers adop! the new practice? EXTENSION by demonstration of NO YES / alternative technology ASSESSMENT of results Figure 1. General approach to farming systems research. 164
Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins and D.M. Mulyadi. 1989. Methods of on-farm research. In Development Procedures for Fanning Systems Research, eds. S. Sukmana, P. Amir and D.M. Mulyadi. Jakarta: Agency for Agricultural Development, Indonesia. Atta-Krah, A.N. and P.A. Francis. 1987. The role of on-farm trials in the evaluation of composite technologies: the case of alley farming in southern Nigeria. Agricultural Systems 23:132-152. Bernsten, R.H., H.A. Fitzhugh and H.C. Knipschecr. 1985. Livestock farming systems research. InAnimals in the Fanning System, ed. C. Butler Flora, pp. 64-109. Kansas: Kansas State University. Bunch, R. 1982. Two Ears of Con. Oklahoma: World Neighbors. Bunderson, W.T. and R.H. Cook. 1985. Feeding conserved forages to traditional cattle in the Nuba Mountains, Sudan. In Research Methodologfor Livestock On-fann Trials, eds. T.L. Nordblom, A.E.K.H. Ahmed, and G. Poats, pp. 41-64. Ottawa: IDRC. Calub, A. 1985. Experimental design and procedures for on-farm livestock trials. In FannitgSystems Socio-Economic Monitoring Tour/Workshop, pp. 131-152. Los Banos: International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Chambers, R. 1983. Rural Development: Putting the Last First. London: Longman Press. Collinson, M.P. 1981. A low cost approach to understanding small farmers. Agricultural Administration 8:463-471. .1987. Farming Systems Research: Procedures for technology development. ExperimentalAgriculture 23:365-386. Conway, G.R. 1986.Agroecosystein Analysisfor Research and Development. Bangkok: Winrock International/Agricultural Development Council. Devendra, C. 1987. The relevance of on-farm animal research in Asia. In On-Fan, Animal Research, Extension and its Economic Analysis, eds. P. Amir and H.C. Knipscheer, pp. 13-18. Arkansas: Winrock International. 165 Etherington, D.E. and P.J. Matthews. 1983. Approaches to the economic evaluation of agroforestry farming systems. Agroforesty Systems 1:347-360. Fallada, B. and R.H. Cook. 1985. Design and implementation of in-herd/on-range trials: use of sentinel herds. In Research Methodolokyfor Livestock On-fann Trials, eds. T.L. Nordblom, A.E.K.H. Ahmed, and G. Poats, pp. 133-152. Ottawa: IDRC Farrington, J.1988. Farmer participatory research: Editorial introduction. E&perimental Agriculture 24:269-279. Farrington, J. and A.M. Martin. 1987. Fanner Participatory Research. A Review of Concepts and Practices. Discussion paper 19. London: ODI Agricultural Administration Network. FSSP. 1987. Design Tcchniqucs for On-farm Expcrimcntation. Fanning .Svtems Research/Extension Training Units, Vol. 2. University of Florida: FSSP. Harrington, L.W., M.D. Read, D.P. Garrity, J. Woolley and R. Tripp. 1989. Approaches to on-farm client-oriented research: similarities, differences, and future directions. In Development Frocedures for Fanning Systens Research, eds. S. Sukmana, P. Amir and D.M. Mulyardi. Jakarta: Agency for Agricultural Development, Indonesia. Hart, R.D. 1981. An ecological systems conceptual framework for agricultural research and development. In Readings in Fanning Sytemns Research and Development, eds. W.W. Shaner, P.F. Philipp, and W.R. Shmehl, pp. 50-65. Tucson, Arizona: Consortium for International Development. Hildebrand, P.E.and F. Pocy. 1985. On-fan Agronomic Trials in Fanning Systetns Research and Evtension. Colorado: Lynne Rienner. Huxley, P.A. 1987. Agroforcstry experimentation: Separating the wood from the trees? Agroforestr Systemns 5:251-275. , ICARDA. 1982. Project IV: The Role of Livestock in Fanning Systems. Aleppo, Syria: ICARDA.
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Proceedings of an International Con
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MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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Preface While a great deal of inter
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Participants of the conference, lad
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The establishment and continued gro
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Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
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preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
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farm and village forestry practices
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group. A village in Thailand or Nep
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fit within the structure of each of
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There is a growing literature on vi
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A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
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Data Analysis The results of an exe
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Table 1. Dependency test between ho
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Survey and Participant Observation
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used the participant observation me
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needs to stay in the village for an
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A Descriptive Research Method to Es
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Important external data sources for
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Although a discussion of statistica
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demanded by consumers and the payme
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Table 2. Components and goals of th
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through a form of informal collusiv
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Information about the current envir
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importance to Sri Lankan society as
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Table 1. Major aspects considered i
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Table 2. Common perennial species.
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able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
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Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
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The status of fuelwood utilization
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consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
Page 65 and 66:
References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
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loan, the decision is based on the
Page 69 and 70:
subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
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Table 1. Components and expected ou
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traditional and simple with few exc
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levels. Education curricula should
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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or from scientific analysis of such
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Similarly, in another country, tria
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aiming at commercial markets. The t
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Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
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Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
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Research should be designed to impr
Page 91 and 92:
The majority of farmers can not aff
Page 93 and 94:
and worked with them in both projec
Page 95 and 96:
Timber is needed by most of the far
Page 97 and 98:
home. In Maharashtra State, several
Page 99 and 100:
Methodologies are reviewed for anal
Page 101 and 102:
Development (NERAD) Project is an a
Page 103 and 104:
small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
Page 105 and 106:
Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
Page 107 and 108: hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110: The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112: References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114: Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116: Research mus. concentrate on these
Page 117 and 118: esearch scientists. Many crop and f
Page 119 and 120: Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122: western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124: crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126: compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128: Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130: The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132: The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134: problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136: and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138: agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139 and 140: woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
Page 141 and 142: local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
Page 143 and 144: Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146: the mother trees for their homegard
Page 147 and 148: Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150: Applying Fanning Systems Research C
Page 151 and 152: Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
Page 153 and 154: approach that is already known abou
Page 155 and 156: Research Plans and Metotls Based on
Page 157: leaves make good fertilizer, althou
Page 161 and 162: The growing importance of small-sca
Page 163 and 164: taking into account possible effect
Page 165 and 166: Poster Session Presentations / /
Page 167 and 168: planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
Page 169 and 170: L. leucocephala is the most well kn
Page 171 and 172: Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 173 and 174: Recently, systematic research on im
Page 175 and 176: Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
Page 177 and 178: Forest policy formulated in India u
Page 179 and 180: vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
Page 181 and 182: Table 1. List of species for degrad
Page 183 and 184: Table 3. Productivity potential of
Page 185 and 186: candidate must withstand certain ed
Page 187 and 188: arising from the fact that at the f
Page 189 and 190: Table 1. Soil properties from the e
Page 191 and 192: Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
Page 193 and 194: Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
Page 195 and 196: Table 2. Comparison of average stem
Page 197 and 198: Table 1. Area and species planted i
Page 199 and 200: Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
Page 201 and 202: The Marketing System The marketing
Page 203 and 204: The field trip, organized by the Fo
Page 205 and 206: 213 213 em
Page 207 and 208: Participants Marian delos Angeles S
Page 209:
Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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