multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

More documents

Recommendations

Info

major ;esponse was to the phosphorus application, whereas in the case of Gliricidia, the major response was to trace elements after the application of phosphorus and calcium as a nutrient. No significant responses were observed to lime application for any species. An analysis of cumulative yields for this site shows similar trends to those described for leaf Yzlds. They demonstrate the lower steni to leaf ratio ,nr G'aricidia compared to Calliandra and Leucaea At the first harvest there was a reduction in yield with the lime application which was restored y trace element application for Calliandra and Leucaena. This effect may be brought about by either a zinc or magnesium deficiency induced by the lime addition. At these two Indonesian sites the generalized recommendation would be to apply triple superphosphate to take care of any phosphorus and calcium deficiencies, and to show caution where lime application is indicated, as trace element deficiencies may be induced, Silkwood At the Silkwood site, where no fertilizer was applied, no yield was recorded for any species. At harvest 2, no yields were recorded for Leucaena where no fertilizer was applied, and only in one replicate for Gliricidia. Even at harvest 3 the Gliricidia did not achieve the cutting height in any replicate. The analysis of variance shown in Table 5 for the cumulative leaf yield taken over three harvests (August 1987, .lanuary and May 1988) shows significant differences between fertilizers and between species but gain no fertilizcr by species interaction. There is also amain effect of harvest with additional harvest by fertilizer, harvest by species, and harvest by fertilizer by species interaction. The cumulative leaf yield data for each species at each fertilizer treatment were very high for Caliandra. No explanation for the inordinately high yield of Calliandra where phosphate alone was applied is offered at this time. As previously described, severe symptoms of zinc deficiency were seen where lime was applied, this deficiency was overcome when trace elements were applied. As at the acid Sembawa site, the stem roduction for Calliandra was much greater than For the other species, and showed some increase with lime application. A ain, the authors' recommendation for fertilizer application would be 193 to use either superphosphate as triple super, with caution ta-en where lime is indicated. The superior performance of Calliandra as a wood producer where no fertilizer isapplied to acid soils isobvious. Utchee Creek At the higher fertility Utchee Creek site, four harvests have been taken (August, October and December 1987, and March 1988). Analysis of variance (Table 6) shows that species differences were markedly significant, with a further significant difference in response to fertilizer. There was species by fertilizer interaction due entirely to the reduction in the yield of Gliricidia after lime addition. It is felt that this difference was again due to an induced trace element deficiency which was not alleviated by the level of trace elements applied. Data for stem production at this site show the low production of stem for Gliricidia. No main effects of fertilizer are indicated, however harvest effects, and the harvest by fertilizer interaction are all significant, but probably not biologically n'-aningful. Species Trials The species trials have had the same number of harvests as the nutrient trials. However, in Australia, due to manpower constraints, harvests of the two sets of experiments were not always synchronized. At each site the most promising species have been selected for discussion. Selection was made for species having high yield or potential for the particular site. Eight entries were selected for at least three sites. The C.cajan, C.gyroides, and S. sesban are at best weakly perennial, as demonstrated by the general reduction in yield at later harvests. The other promising lives include A. spp., C. calothyrsus, Lp-8, G. sepitn, and Ld-6. It isworthy to note that these two Lcucaenas show some resistance to the psyllid. The importance of the psyllid can be gauged from the difference between the sprayed and unsprayed plots of L. leutcocephala cv. Cunningham at the Sill wood and Utchee Creek sites. Sembawa Analysis of variance of the leaf yields at the Sembawa site (Table 7) shows significance for all factors. Many of these effects should be interpreted with caution due to the problems
arising from the fact that at the first harvest many entries barely reached the required cutting height, and by the second harvest entries that were not strongly perennial that had yielded well at the first harvest were declining. It is apparent from the highyields at the first harvest of the "annual" species with fertilizer applied that this strategy offers potential for forage protuction in the first year. G. sephim, A. spp., and C calothyrsus however, will probably offer a more sustained yield over time. A practical strategy weuld be to intercrop the "annuals" with these perennials in order to support animal production. Sei Putih At Sei Putih there was no main effect of fertilizer but a major species effect (Tablt. 7). However, in the data selected for presentation there is some stiggestion of response. There is a signific.nt effect of harvest together with the associated ffist .d second order interactions. Again, these interactions can be partially explained by the decline in yield with time of the more annual Cajanus and Sesbania as compared to the perennialA. spp. and C. calothyrsus. It is of importance to note that several of the Leucaenas (ie. L1-3, Lp-8, Ld-6, and LI-1) did very well at this site. Again, this data suggests the potential usefulness of combining perennials with annuals. Silkwood At Silkwood there was a significant response to fertilizer application, and differences between species, together with a species by fertilizer interaction (Table 8). Alleffects including harvests were also highly significant. At this site, where no fertilizer was applied there was no yield at the first harvest, with many entries giving no yield at the second, either. At the time of the second harvest all plants were living but many did not reach the required initial cutting height. It has been observed that since the third harvest, several plants in the Sesbania and Cajanus plots are unlikely to survive and possibly some plants in the Codariocalyx plots will not reach the next harvest. The C. calothyrsus,the Acacia lines and Ld-6 and Lp-8 show potential at this ite. The C.calothyrsus and A. spp. show particular promise whre no fertilizer was applied. Utchce Creek At the Utchce Creek site no responses to fertilizer were shown in this experiment. However, species, harvest, and harvest by species interaction were significant (Table 8). Again the more "annual" entries showed a decline with time. The 194 high production of the Acacia lines is noteworthy and will serve a useful role if they are eaten by animals and give the requred weight gains. As previously mentioned, the seriousness of the leucaena psyllid is well demonstrated in the comparison of the LI-i sprayed and unsprayed for insect pests. Although the entries at Ihe four sites display many common responses, it is evident that many interactions exist between sites. A full analysis of these interactions must await the accumulation of data from further harvests. Considerable thought will need to be given to determine the most suitable method of analysis. Conclusion There is a need to extend the present experiments to a wider range of environments. Where the demand exists, such as in the Philippines, such experiments should be specifically designed for the situation, and not merely duplicates of the authors' established trials. In this way the specific nutrient problems at any site can be assessed. There is a need to follow up the results of the present species testing. Options include: - investigation of species not presently under study (ie. Acacia villosa, Sclhleinitziaspp., acid-tolerant LeucaEna); - wider testing of perhaps the best 10 from the present trials, with treatments to include cutting height and frequency; - more intensive agronomic testing of the less perennial but high-yielding species such as Codariocalyx, Sesbania, and Cajanus; - investigation of ways of coni';ning productive short-lived species with highyielding long-term perennials; and - investigation of a wider range of selected species, similar to work being done -- Gliricidia, S~sbania and Calliandra are obvious choices. The leucaena psyllid still represents a major threat in most areas where Leucaena is grown. There is an urgent need to follow up the full range of control/prevention options, biological control, selection/brceding, management, and use of alternative species. This last approach should include species of Leucaena other than L. leucocephala.
Page 1 and 2:
Proceedings of an International Con
Page 3 and 4:
MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
Page 5 and 6:
Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 7 and 8:
Preface While a great deal of inter
Page 9 and 10:
Participants of the conference, lad
Page 11 and 12:
The establishment and continued gro
Page 13 and 14:
Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
Page 15 and 16:
preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
Page 17 and 18:
farm and village forestry practices
Page 19 and 20:
group. A village in Thailand or Nep
Page 21 and 22:
fit within the structure of each of
Page 23 and 24:
There is a growing literature on vi
Page 25 and 26:
A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
Page 27 and 28:
Data Analysis The results of an exe
Page 29 and 30:
Table 1. Dependency test between ho
Page 31 and 32:
Survey and Participant Observation
Page 33 and 34:
used the participant observation me
Page 35 and 36:
needs to stay in the village for an
Page 37 and 38:
A Descriptive Research Method to Es
Page 39 and 40:
Important external data sources for
Page 41 and 42:
Although a discussion of statistica
Page 43 and 44:
demanded by consumers and the payme
Page 45 and 46:
Table 2. Components and goals of th
Page 47 and 48:
through a form of informal collusiv
Page 49 and 50:
Information about the current envir
Page 51 and 52:
importance to Sri Lankan society as
Page 53 and 54:
Table 1. Major aspects considered i
Page 55 and 56:
Table 2. Common perennial species.
Page 57 and 58:
able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
Page 59 and 60:
Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
Page 61 and 62:
The status of fuelwood utilization
Page 63 and 64:
consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
Page 65 and 66:
References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
Page 67 and 68:
loan, the decision is based on the
Page 69 and 70:
subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
Page 71 and 72:
Table 1. Components and expected ou
Page 73 and 74:
traditional and simple with few exc
Page 75 and 76:
levels. Education curricula should
Page 77 and 78:
Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 79 and 80:
or from scientific analysis of such
Page 81 and 82:
Similarly, in another country, tria
Page 83 and 84:
aiming at commercial markets. The t
Page 85 and 86:
Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
Page 87 and 88:
Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
Page 89 and 90:
Research should be designed to impr
Page 91 and 92:
The majority of farmers can not aff
Page 93 and 94:
and worked with them in both projec
Page 95 and 96:
Timber is needed by most of the far
Page 97 and 98:
home. In Maharashtra State, several
Page 99 and 100:
Methodologies are reviewed for anal
Page 101 and 102:
Development (NERAD) Project is an a
Page 103 and 104:
small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
Page 105 and 106:
Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
Page 107 and 108:
hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110:
The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112:
References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114:
Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116:
Research mus. concentrate on these
Page 117 and 118:
esearch scientists. Many crop and f
Page 119 and 120:
Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122:
western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124:
crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126:
compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128:
Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130:
The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132:
The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134:
problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136: and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138: agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139 and 140: woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
Page 141 and 142: local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
Page 143 and 144: Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146: the mother trees for their homegard
Page 147 and 148: Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150: Applying Fanning Systems Research C
Page 151 and 152: Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
Page 153 and 154: approach that is already known abou
Page 155 and 156: Research Plans and Metotls Based on
Page 157 and 158: leaves make good fertilizer, althou
Page 159 and 160: Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
Page 161 and 162: The growing importance of small-sca
Page 163 and 164: taking into account possible effect
Page 165 and 166: Poster Session Presentations / /
Page 167 and 168: planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
Page 169 and 170: L. leucocephala is the most well kn
Page 171 and 172: Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 173 and 174: Recently, systematic research on im
Page 175 and 176: Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
Page 177 and 178: Forest policy formulated in India u
Page 179 and 180: vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
Page 181 and 182: Table 1. List of species for degrad
Page 183 and 184: Table 3. Productivity potential of
Page 185: candidate must withstand certain ed
Page 189 and 190: Table 1. Soil properties from the e
Page 191 and 192: Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
Page 193 and 194: Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
Page 195 and 196: Table 2. Comparison of average stem
Page 197 and 198: Table 1. Area and species planted i
Page 199 and 200: Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
Page 201 and 202: The Marketing System The marketing
Page 203 and 204: The field trip, organized by the Fo
Page 205 and 206: 213 213 em
Page 207 and 208: Participants Marian delos Angeles S
Page 209: Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
show all

multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?