multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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informants, advisors and implementors. The confidence of the scientists in the villagers encouraged them to use their skills and experience as inputs to the project. It was a challenging opportunity for the villagers to incorporate their ideas into a development project. As highlighted in Table 1, the primary objective of the study was to examine the human response to the environment and to analyz. the consequences of this response on the environment. Introducing practical rehabilitation measures incorporating advanced technologies and genetic improvements was also important. The project was designed to motivate farmers to take the initiative, while basic training, material assistance and guidance were provided through the coordinating unit. Baseline Studies Field research, a household questionnaire survey, and participatory observations were carried out over an entire year. This made it possible to gather information on spatial and seasonal trends. In conducting these sectoral studies an attempt was made to have the assistance of the villagers in locating sites, inventorying plants, collecting soil samples, measuring soil moisture conditions and fluctuations of the water table. Village meetings were held to disseminate the research results, to get feedback, and to promote self-reliance among the farmers. At this stage, it was an exciting experience for the villagers to use the regional aerial photographs at a scale of 1:10,000. This was an effective media as the villagers were able to pinpoint specific locations and discuss their experiences at those sites. By comparing the aerial hotos taken in 1956 and 1986 the change in landutilization was immediately apparent. The scientific observations indicating the adverse consequences of human induced changes, coupled with the farmers' observations of the environmental deterioration on their farms, were helpful in convincing the villagers of the need to rehabilitate the environment, Once the farmers were convinced of the need to rehabilitate their land, it was necessary to take steps to solve the problems. The environmental studies provided information on the climate, hydrology, soil, vegetation and landforms. Aerial photographs were utilized to visually locate and explain spatial characteristics as wel as graphically demonstrating human induced changes on the environment, 53 Both the environmental and socioeconomic findings were viewed with interest to understand the present situation and to explore alternatives and prospects for the future. An attempt was made to highlight how these social and environmental conditions influence each other. It was concluded that rainfall is the major factor influencing social behavior and economic activities. The field data revealed that 72 percent of the annual crop production takes place during the prominent rainy season, when two-thirds of the rain falls. Almost all arable low]-ind and uplands are cultivated with seasoral crops. Excluding the near-landless, 52 percent of the families in the area produce an adequate amount of food for annual family consumption during this season. Results of Field Studies The cyclical nature of rainfall is the limiting factor, resulting in a great variation in crop production, food availability, labor requirements and income. The arable land under cultivation only during the rainy season should be cultivated with drought resistant perennials. Low cost soil and water conservation strategies should be introduced. If irrigation is provided, social and economic problems will be alleviated by a system of year-round crop production and agricultural employment. An alternative solution could utilize biological strategies to enhance the production of a range of food and raw materials for agro-based industries. The application of fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides for better crop production is difficult for about 42 percent of the families. Purchasing such inputs is possible only for a few wealthy landowners. For the rest it is possible only iVa surplus is produced or if cash-is earned through wage labor. For profitable farming and sustainable crop production, costly inputs should be reduced with organic farming techniques. As pointed out by Hauck (1978), FAO (1975), and Parr and Papendick (1983), the application of chemical fertilizers has raised the cost of operation and is not practical for small-scale farnwrs. Crop failures are quite common during the Yala season of southwest monsoons, resulting in food scarcity and low income. Meeting family food needs is difficult during the prolonged dry seasons because of the lack of off-farm
Table 1. Major aspects considered in the sectoral studies. Environmental Conditions Climate: Rainfall as the limiting factor. Hydrology: Rainfall distribution and intensity, irrigation and ground water quality, Soil: Both physical and chemical condition. Vegetation/Crop Cover: Type, composition and spatial distribution, Landforms: Morphological differences, hydrological patterns. employment. Such problems are most acute among the poor because the harvest from their land is not adequate to save for the off-season, Since erosion is continuous, farming practices such as complete clearing of the land efore the rainy season either should be . abolished, or soil erosion should be controlled through alley cropping with MPTS. Human induced desertification should be controlled to the greatest extent possible. Establishing trees on such land promotes the infiltration and storage of moisture as well as stabilizes the soil. The need for better water conservation methods for sustainable agriculture is underscored by the National Academy of Sciences (1974) and the Congress of the United States (1983). Appropriate Measures As revealed by the sectoral studies and Socioeconomic Conditions Activities and Livelihood: Employment, income, production, farm operation and management, labor input and seasonal or annual trends. Traditions, Habits and Skills: Social behavior and economic activities, traditional methods of resource conservation, utilization, crop processing, vegetation/crop management andma; keting. Social Organization: Social structure, economic structure, flow of services, and system of resource management and organization. Technology: Methods of crop production, application of inputs, technolo 7 related to food processing, agro-based industries. 54 discussed at the village meetings, appropriate conservation measures should be put into immediate practice. One question that sparked a lively debate centered around the most appropriate measures to meet both social and environmental needs. Another question is whether rural villagers will accept the proposals and work together to reach the goals of a sustainable system. Another topic discussed was if the farmers are willing to undertake the proposed system, whether rehabilitation can be carried out with minimal interference to the cash crop production. The villagers unanim6usly agreed to adopt appropriate rehabilitation measures and formulated the following implementation strategies -- integrating drought resistant food producing perennials in their small-scale farm operations; diversifying and intensifying cropping by adopting genetically improved tree species; and producing surplus raw materials for agro-based industries.
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of an International Con
Page 3 and 4: MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
Page 5 and 6: Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 7 and 8: Preface While a great deal of inter
Page 9 and 10: Participants of the conference, lad
Page 11 and 12: The establishment and continued gro
Page 13 and 14: Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
Page 15 and 16: preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
Page 17 and 18: farm and village forestry practices
Page 19 and 20: group. A village in Thailand or Nep
Page 21 and 22: fit within the structure of each of
Page 23 and 24: There is a growing literature on vi
Page 25 and 26: A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
Page 27 and 28: Data Analysis The results of an exe
Page 29 and 30: Table 1. Dependency test between ho
Page 31 and 32: Survey and Participant Observation
Page 33 and 34: used the participant observation me
Page 35 and 36: needs to stay in the village for an
Page 37 and 38: A Descriptive Research Method to Es
Page 39 and 40: Important external data sources for
Page 41 and 42: Although a discussion of statistica
Page 43 and 44: demanded by consumers and the payme
Page 45 and 46: Table 2. Components and goals of th
Page 47 and 48: through a form of informal collusiv
Page 49 and 50: Information about the current envir
Page 51: importance to Sri Lankan society as
Page 55 and 56: Table 2. Common perennial species.
Page 57 and 58: able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
Page 59 and 60: Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
Page 61 and 62: The status of fuelwood utilization
Page 63 and 64: consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
Page 65 and 66: References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
Page 67 and 68: loan, the decision is based on the
Page 69 and 70: subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
Page 71 and 72: Table 1. Components and expected ou
Page 73 and 74: traditional and simple with few exc
Page 75 and 76: levels. Education curricula should
Page 77 and 78: Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 79 and 80: or from scientific analysis of such
Page 81 and 82: Similarly, in another country, tria
Page 83 and 84: aiming at commercial markets. The t
Page 85 and 86: Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
Page 89 and 90: Research should be designed to impr
Page 91 and 92: The majority of farmers can not aff
Page 93 and 94: and worked with them in both projec
Page 95 and 96: Timber is needed by most of the far
Page 97 and 98: home. In Maharashtra State, several
Page 99 and 100: Methodologies are reviewed for anal
Page 101 and 102: Development (NERAD) Project is an a
Page 103 and 104:
small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
Page 105 and 106:
Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
Page 107 and 108:
hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110:
The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112:
References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114:
Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116:
Research mus. concentrate on these
Page 117 and 118:
esearch scientists. Many crop and f
Page 119 and 120:
Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122:
western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124:
crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126:
compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128:
Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130:
The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132:
The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134:
problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136:
and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138:
agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139 and 140:
woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
Page 141 and 142:
local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
Page 143 and 144:
Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146:
the mother trees for their homegard
Page 147 and 148:
Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150:
Applying Fanning Systems Research C
Page 151 and 152:
Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
Page 153 and 154:
approach that is already known abou
Page 155 and 156:
Research Plans and Metotls Based on
Page 157 and 158:
leaves make good fertilizer, althou
Page 159 and 160:
Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
Page 161 and 162:
The growing importance of small-sca
Page 163 and 164:
taking into account possible effect
Page 165 and 166:
Poster Session Presentations / /
Page 167 and 168:
planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
Page 169 and 170:
L. leucocephala is the most well kn
Page 171 and 172:
Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 173 and 174:
Recently, systematic research on im
Page 175 and 176:
Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
Page 177 and 178:
Forest policy formulated in India u
Page 179 and 180:
vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
Page 181 and 182:
Table 1. List of species for degrad
Page 183 and 184:
Table 3. Productivity potential of
Page 185 and 186:
candidate must withstand certain ed
Page 187 and 188:
arising from the fact that at the f
Page 189 and 190:
Table 1. Soil properties from the e
Page 191 and 192:
Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
Page 193 and 194:
Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
Page 195 and 196:
Table 2. Comparison of average stem
Page 197 and 198:
Table 1. Area and species planted i
Page 199 and 200:
Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
Page 201 and 202:
The Marketing System The marketing
Page 203 and 204:
The field trip, organized by the Fo
Page 205 and 206:
213 213 em
Page 207 and 208:
Participants Marian delos Angeles S
Page 209:
Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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