multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

More documents

Recommendations

Info

. 1981. Old in the New: Autochthonous - pproach Towards Stabilizing an Agroccosystem - The Case from Amarasi (Timor). Applied Geography and Development 17:1-17. . 1982Agncuitureandpopulationpressure in STikka, Isle ofFlores.A.N.U. Development Series Monograph No. 28. .1983. Innovations in Agriculture Incorporating Traditional Production Methods: The Case of Amarasi. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 19:94-105. Momuat, E.O. and H. Malian. 1988. Prospects and challenges of dri'land fanning.stems in areas with a dry climate. Lokakarya Penelitian Sistem Usahatani, December 14-15. Bogor: CRIF, Lokakarya. Oe Maten, S.S. 1986. The effect of Leucacna pruning on maize production planted between the Lcucaena. Student Thesis. Kupang, Indonesia: UNDANA. Ormeling, F.J. 1955. The Timor Problem: a geographical interpretation ofai underdeveloped Island. Djarkarta, Groningen: J.B. Wolters. Parera, V. 1980. "Lcucaenaization" in Sikka District. Leucaena Newsletter 1:13-14. . 1982a. Giant lamtoro in the lan' of the trees. Letcaena Newsletter 3:44. . 19821). Leucaena for erosion control and green manure in Sikka. In LeucaenaResearch in the Asian Pacific Region, pp 169-172. IDRC Proceedings. Singapore: International Development Research Centre of Canada. Piggen, C.M. and V. Parera. 1984. The use of Leucaena in Nusa Tengarra Timur. In Slmb legumes in IndonesiaandAustralia, ed. E.T. Craswell and B. Tangendjaja, pp. 19-27. ACIAR Proceedings No. 3. Canberra: Australian Center for International Agricultural Research. Poffenburger, M. and K. Suryanata. 198'7. Systems of Agricultural Production in Bali and Nusa Tengarra. In The Agricultreof Indonesia. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Raintree, J.B. 1 9 87a. The state of the art of agroforestry diagnosis and design. Agroforestr Systems 5:219-250. , 132 . 1987b. D & D usersmanual.An - introduction to agroforest, diagnosis and design. Nairobi: International Council for Research in Agroforestry. Remenyi, J.V. 1985. Agric t .ltural systems research for devtlopingcountries. ACIAR Proceedings No. 11. Canberra: Australian Center for International Agricultural Research. Shaner, W.W., P.E. Philipp, and W.R. Schmel. 1982. Farmingsystems researchand development. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Species Research in the Philippines: As in many parts of the tropics, farniin& in upland or mountainous areas in the Philippines presents many challenges to policy makers, development planners and scientists. In response to this, the government has embarked on a mas;ive social forestry program emphasizing agroforestry as the key technical compone~nt. A major obstacle to the adoption of agroforestry is a lack of site-specific, sustainable production systems. In alley cropping, the mast popular agroforestry system, only one or two woody perennial species are being used for hedgcrows. his severely limits the options available to farmers as well as exposin the farm to possible ecological disasters such as t ie recent psyllid infcsta:, of Leucacna. The primary purpose of this paper is to outline a research methodology to promote the adoption of multipurpose tree species (MPTS) and agroforestry systems by upland farmers, consistent with the ecological and socioeconomic realities in the Philippines. In addition, issues and institutions involved in MPTS research are discussed. Most of the discu: ion centers around agroforestry because of the widjly held belief that the primary application of MPTS today is in agroforestry. Any concrete research strategy must deal with the realities of the Philipines and not with idealized conceptions. Two key constraints affecting agroforestry and MPTS research are t'he urgercy of achieving rapid results with limited available resources. The Issue is Survival Of a total land area of 30 million hectares, approximately 12 million hectares of the Philippines is considered forest land. Of these, more than 4 million ha are estimated to be under some form of cultivation (Celestino and Elliot 1986). About 18 million Filipinos of a total population of 60 million live in the uplands (areas with slopes greater than 18%) of which half are dependent on agriculture. By the turn of the century, the upland population is expected to Methods, Issues and Institutions Rodel D. Lasco and Wilfredo M. Carandang Uniwrsity of the Philippines at Ls Banos College, Laguna, Philippines 133 double if present trends continue (Cruz and Zosa-Feranil 1987). This has caused a host of adverse on-site and off-site impacts including the loss of soil resources, declining productivity, flooding, sedimentation of water systems, poverty, and political unresi. To address these problems, the government created a social forestry program. By the end of 1987, it encompassed more than 500,000ha with 200,000 families as beneficiaries (FMB 1987). The program involves giving farmers the right to stay on the land for 25 years, renewable for an additional 25 years. In return, the farmers are required to practice some form of agroforestry and other soil conserving measures. By law, the beneficiaries are required to plant only 5 trees per hectare. Social forestry officers are supposed to Provide technical assistance to the farmers. This is where another set of problems begins. Many social forestry technicians barely know what agroforestry really is. At best it is equated with alley cropping, known in the Philippines as SALT (Sloping Land Agricultural Technology). This was illustrated at one of the training sessions conducted by the author for social forestry officers. Dui-ng the open forum one of the participants admitted to stopping a farmer from practicing something which he now learized was a form of agroforestry! On the bright side, the lack of training is currently being addressed by a natio,. de training program for social forestry technicia. The second problem is just as serious. There are actually very few site-specific, sustainable agroforestry systems available to the farmers. As a result, inost government projects rely on "a!-ycropping, which in itself is a good tec'irology, but it has its limitations. Its ability to conserve water remains doubtful. On the basis of studies conducted in the Philippines (Cuevas and Samson 1982; Tepatiya 1984; Lasco 1987) it seems that its ability to reduce runoff is not as effective as its ability to conserve soil. This implies tha! large-scale adoption of alley cropping in watershed areas may not necessarily
Page 1 and 2:
Proceedings of an International Con
Page 3 and 4:
MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
Page 5 and 6:
Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 7 and 8:
Preface While a great deal of inter
Page 9 and 10:
Participants of the conference, lad
Page 11 and 12:
The establishment and continued gro
Page 13 and 14:
Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
Page 15 and 16:
preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
Page 17 and 18:
farm and village forestry practices
Page 19 and 20:
group. A village in Thailand or Nep
Page 21 and 22:
fit within the structure of each of
Page 23 and 24:
There is a growing literature on vi
Page 25 and 26:
A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
Page 27 and 28:
Data Analysis The results of an exe
Page 29 and 30:
Table 1. Dependency test between ho
Page 31 and 32:
Survey and Participant Observation
Page 33 and 34:
used the participant observation me
Page 35 and 36:
needs to stay in the village for an
Page 37 and 38:
A Descriptive Research Method to Es
Page 39 and 40:
Important external data sources for
Page 41 and 42:
Although a discussion of statistica
Page 43 and 44:
demanded by consumers and the payme
Page 45 and 46:
Table 2. Components and goals of th
Page 47 and 48:
through a form of informal collusiv
Page 49 and 50:
Information about the current envir
Page 51 and 52:
importance to Sri Lankan society as
Page 53 and 54:
Table 1. Major aspects considered i
Page 55 and 56:
Table 2. Common perennial species.
Page 57 and 58:
able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
Page 59 and 60:
Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
Page 61 and 62:
The status of fuelwood utilization
Page 63 and 64:
consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
Page 65 and 66:
References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
Page 67 and 68:
loan, the decision is based on the
Page 69 and 70:
subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
Page 71 and 72:
Table 1. Components and expected ou
Page 73 and 74:
traditional and simple with few exc
Page 75 and 76: levels. Education curricula should
Page 77 and 78: Session 3: Determining Extension, I
Page 79 and 80: or from scientific analysis of such
Page 81 and 82: Similarly, in another country, tria
Page 83 and 84: aiming at commercial markets. The t
Page 85 and 86: Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
Page 89 and 90: Research should be designed to impr
Page 91 and 92: The majority of farmers can not aff
Page 93 and 94: and worked with them in both projec
Page 95 and 96: Timber is needed by most of the far
Page 97 and 98: home. In Maharashtra State, several
Page 99 and 100: Methodologies are reviewed for anal
Page 101 and 102: Development (NERAD) Project is an a
Page 103 and 104: small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
Page 107 and 108: hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110: The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112: References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114: Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116: Research mus. concentrate on these
Page 117 and 118: esearch scientists. Many crop and f
Page 119 and 120: Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122: western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124: crops will result in less land bein
Page 125: compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 129 and 130: The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132: The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134: problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136: and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137 and 138: agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 139 and 140: woodlot and grow cassava using a cr
Page 141 and 142: local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
Page 143 and 144: Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146: the mother trees for their homegard
Page 147 and 148: Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150: Applying Fanning Systems Research C
Page 151 and 152: Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
Page 153 and 154: approach that is already known abou
Page 155 and 156: Research Plans and Metotls Based on
Page 157 and 158: leaves make good fertilizer, althou
Page 159 and 160: Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
Page 161 and 162: The growing importance of small-sca
Page 163 and 164: taking into account possible effect
Page 165 and 166: Poster Session Presentations / /
Page 167 and 168: planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
Page 169 and 170: L. leucocephala is the most well kn
Page 171 and 172: Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 173 and 174: Recently, systematic research on im
Page 175 and 176: Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
Page 177 and 178:
Forest policy formulated in India u
Page 179 and 180:
vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
Page 181 and 182:
Table 1. List of species for degrad
Page 183 and 184:
Table 3. Productivity potential of
Page 185 and 186:
candidate must withstand certain ed
Page 187 and 188:
arising from the fact that at the f
Page 189 and 190:
Table 1. Soil properties from the e
Page 191 and 192:
Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
Page 193 and 194:
Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
Page 195 and 196:
Table 2. Comparison of average stem
Page 197 and 198:
Table 1. Area and species planted i
Page 199 and 200:
Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
Page 201 and 202:
The Marketing System The marketing
Page 203 and 204:
The field trip, organized by the Fo
Page 205 and 206:
213 213 em
Page 207 and 208:
Participants Marian delos Angeles S
Page 209:
Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
show all

multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?