multipurpose tree species research for small farms: strategies ... - part

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and soil deposition originating from their fields on fields down slope (Littooy 1989). Under the collective system of land management it was common for a farmer's cassava plots to be scattered throughout the area with no relation to his wet rice plots. Soil from the farmer's cassava field deposited into rice fields at the fool of the slope was not his problem, instead it became the cooperative's responsibility to repair fields and drainage ditches with their irrigation briga..es. As the cooperative's resources to pay for such work is restricted under the new economic policy, the onus in the future for such repair work will inevitably fall on the farmer who has been given the right to use that area of paddy. A. tiangiiwi has been planted in association with Tephrosia/tea plantations as discussed earlier, Since tea requires little or no shade when it reaches the production phase after 3-4 years, and the cooperatives have indicated their preference for a large, single stem as a final product on a 10 year rotation, the dense crown of the Acacia will have to be frequently and extensively pruned back so it does not reduce tea yields. Farmers' Practices Traditionally, silvicultural practices such as lopping and pollarding are rare. Although farmers in West Africa pollardAzadiraclitaindica to produce small poles to use as rafters, in Vietnam this construction role is served by bamboo. A. azedarach is managed to produce stems for cross beams while branch prunin or ollardin is held to a minimum to decrease the chaances owod rot. Coppicin techniques are more common, particularly with established E. easertastands, ormerly under the control of the cooperatives or state, but now managed by families. Farmers will thin coppice shoots for fuelwood leaving one or two to grow for construction materials. A more recent management approach has evolved at one of the project's fuelwood demonstration sites where farmers contracted to manage the demonstration plot on behalf of the cooperative have been given the freedom to prune theA. mangiwm trees. One farmer pruned the lower branches every month, producing a regular volume of wood and leaf material that he estimated met up to 25% of his family's total fuel needs, Such observations suggest that farmers' management of MPTS has the potential to adapt to new situations. Research work to date in both forestry and agriculture has concentrated on the cooperative system. Consequently, little has been learned about what farmers consider an optimum 144 mix.of products (ie. fuelwood, leaves, or wood), nor about what tradeoffs they may be prepared to accept between tree growth and crop performance. It has only been in the last few years, given a greater freedom of choice and decision making, that farmers have started to experiment wilh different methods and species combinations. The Role of MPTS Within the project area five major land use issues are considered relevant to small-scale farmers and could possibly include a role for MPTS: - wood production -- tree growing for domestic use (fuelwood and construction) or for marketing (fuelwood, construction aad pulpwood); - improvement of grazing and fodder resources; tree fodder; - short term intercropping -- tree/tree (shrub) combinations designed to maximize the utility of land during the establishment phase of industrial plantations; - long-term rehabilitation of degraded soils through the industrial plantation program -interplanting of MPTS (with industrial species) or dense planting of MPTS to conserve and improve the soil with limited off-take of tree products; and - development of sustainable upland farming practices -- both spatial and temporal mixtures of trees and crops with support to lowland farming through green manure production on upland areas. Under the land allocation program farmers can expect to receive rights to land varying in form (upland/lowland), quality, existing production use (cassavaland, existing forest plantation, abandoned land) and locale (relative to settlements). The site-specific characteristics of the allocated land, and their home and forest gardens will strongly influence the potential role of MPTS activities regarding the choice of species, scale of planting, and tree management. A farmer with very limited land resources may need to consider MPTS that can produce fuelwood and fodder (or green manure) and improve the soil on very poor hill land in association with permanent cassava cultivation. Another farmer with more land may choose to grow fuelwood as a byproduct from a small
woodlot and grow cassava using a crop rotation system involving a short rotation tree fallow. Tree fodder would only be important in areas where natural grazing areas are limited and other feeding alternatives are restricted (Froberg and Olsson 1989). These considerations determine the environment within which MPTS research must take place, acknowledging existing variation within the project area according to physical and social parameters (population density, proportion of hi! land, existing land use, ethnic groups) and variations between farmers' circumristances within each area. Fforde (1989) has classified farmers into three groups -- the poorest 10-15% are forced to adopt very short time horizons in their daily economic activities; the richest 10-20% are able to accumulate capital and benefit most front current reforms, rapidly acquiring title to those state and cooperative resources being privatized. Between these is a middle group of farmers who, although they lack starting capital, are planning to rapidly exploit new opportunities through the production of marketable surpluses from upland areas, Therefore, research will need to consider both the biological and economic performance of MPTS, focusing on direct marketing of tree products and/or tree impact on the production of crop surpluses. Future Research Approaches In discussing future research approaches for MPTS three basic issues must be considered: research tasks, research organization and research methods, Research Tasks Tasks can be subdivided into two work areas: species selection, involving a coordinated set of phased species elimination trials (SET) and provenance trials; and management trials, including spacing, intercropping and lopping or coppicing. Initially these trial programs will be run independently until a set of best species have bten identified, allowing trials to be designed combining small farm management practices with species or provenance trials (MacDicken 1988). Research tasks should be considered in each area reflecting the varying conditions facing farmcrs. Chambers and Fforde (1989) suggest three zones based on the principle of agroforestry practices evolving naturally iv response to population increase and pressure on land resources. The upper zone in the northern, less 145 densely populated part of the project area currently has limited potential for agroforestry development. The middle zone has reached the "take off' stage, growing land pressure already having initiated a positive response from farmers in the form of practices designed to control soil erosion (Hao and Kiem in Littooy 1989). In the lower zone, the area with the highest population and lowest proportion of hill land to paddy, cooperative and state land management policies have delayed any natural moves towards sustainable systems of upland cultivation through farmer experimentation with agroforestry. In this zone considerable outside support will be required to improve the current situation as the level of inputs required to bring hill land back into production is beyond the investment capacity of farmers or local agencies. As Chambers and Fforde point out in their report, this zonation does not always coincide with simple physical divisions such as an upper, middle and lower split of the project area. Conditions between neighboring districts can vary considerably when considering population density and soil fertility. This concept of agroforcstry zones provides a framework around which species and management research tasks can be identified and a dressed. Within each zone the form, location, intcnsity and utilization (tradeoffs between MPTS products and functions) of agroforestry practices will vary. Table 1 summarizes the intLrventions involving MPTS under consideration for the project area and on which species and management trials will initially focus. Research Organization The Forest Research Centre was originally developed to conduct research for the industrial plantation program. Its current operating structure and level of staffing still reflect this single interest goal. Effective MPTS research in the future will therefore demand a reorganization of the FRC in order for this program to receive the attention it deserves. Emphasis should be on the quality rather than the quantity of research. Research should be guided through a careful assessment of available resources and conside'ration of exactly what MPTS research needs to be conducted both on-station and on-farm. Where possible, the Centre should interact with other government research and extension organizations in the area to develop
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Proceedings of an International Con
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MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES RESEARCH
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Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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Preface While a great deal of inter
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Participants of the conference, lad
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The establishment and continued gro
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Session 1: Determining End Uses, De
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preliminary studies. Cross-cultural
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farm and village forestry practices
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group. A village in Thailand or Nep
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fit within the structure of each of
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There is a growing literature on vi
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A. heterophyla isplanted in homegar
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Data Analysis The results of an exe
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Table 1. Dependency test between ho
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Survey and Participant Observation
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used the participant observation me
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needs to stay in the village for an
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A Descriptive Research Method to Es
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Important external data sources for
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Although a discussion of statistica
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demanded by consumers and the payme
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Table 2. Components and goals of th
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through a form of informal collusiv
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Information about the current envir
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importance to Sri Lankan society as
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Table 1. Major aspects considered i
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Table 2. Common perennial species.
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able to purchase basic inputs. Duri
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Session 2: Evaluating the Supply of
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The status of fuelwood utilization
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consume 184,990m 3 of fuclwood per
Page 65 and 66:
References Boonyavechewin, S. and B
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loan, the decision is based on the
Page 69 and 70:
subsidizes poor farmers. The govern
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Table 1. Components and expected ou
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traditional and simple with few exc
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levels. Education curricula should
Page 77 and 78:
Session 3: Determining Extension, I
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or from scientific analysis of such
Page 81 and 82:
Similarly, in another country, tria
Page 83 and 84:
aiming at commercial markets. The t
Page 85 and 86:
Multipurpose Tree Species in Agrofo
Page 87 and 88: Table 2. Number of fruit trees plan
Page 89 and 90: Research should be designed to impr
Page 91 and 92: The majority of farmers can not aff
Page 93 and 94: and worked with them in both projec
Page 95 and 96: Timber is needed by most of the far
Page 97 and 98: home. In Maharashtra State, several
Page 99 and 100: Methodologies are reviewed for anal
Page 101 and 102: Development (NERAD) Project is an a
Page 103 and 104: small-scale charcoal manufacturing.
Page 105 and 106: Table 1. Hypothetical logit test re
Page 107 and 108: hectare of cultivated land requires
Page 109 and 110: The farmers' choice of species lead
Page 111 and 112: References Abell, T.M.B. 1981. Fucl
Page 113 and 114: Session 4: Orienting Research Effor
Page 115 and 116: Research mus. concentrate on these
Page 117 and 118: esearch scientists. Many crop and f
Page 119 and 120: Improving the Effectiveness of Mult
Page 121 and 122: western half of Timor. It is the po
Page 123 and 124: crops will result in less land bein
Page 125 and 126: compete with the tree crop in the f
Page 127 and 128: Small Farm Multipurpose Tree Specie
Page 129 and 130: The usual solution is to pilot test
Page 131 and 132: The CENRO offices which are scatter
Page 133 and 134: problem and begin work on a solutti
Page 135 and 136: and industrial levels, as well as s
Page 137: agicultural crops. Many of these ga
Page 141 and 142: local interest in the wo.-k on MPTS
Page 143 and 144: Tree improvemqnt efforts by forest
Page 145 and 146: the mother trees for their homegard
Page 147 and 148: Table 2. General steps required to
Page 149 and 150: Applying Fanning Systems Research C
Page 151 and 152: Planning Diagnosis is only useful i
Page 153 and 154: approach that is already known abou
Page 155 and 156: Research Plans and Metotls Based on
Page 157 and 158: leaves make good fertilizer, althou
Page 159 and 160: Ref.rences Amir, P., R.C. Hawkins a
Page 161 and 162: The growing importance of small-sca
Page 163 and 164: taking into account possible effect
Page 165 and 166: Poster Session Presentations / /
Page 167 and 168: planned bulletiii. are provided, bu
Page 169 and 170: L. leucocephala is the most well kn
Page 171 and 172: Table 4. Probability significance (
Page 173 and 174: Recently, systematic research on im
Page 175 and 176: Table 2. Annual Paulownia exports,
Page 177 and 178: Forest policy formulated in India u
Page 179 and 180: vigorously, reaching the pre-thinne
Page 181 and 182: Table 1. List of species for degrad
Page 183 and 184: Table 3. Productivity potential of
Page 185 and 186: candidate must withstand certain ed
Page 187 and 188: arising from the fact that at the f
Page 189 and 190:
Table 1. Soil properties from the e
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Table 5. Analysis of variance of Si
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Capsule Method of Cultivation in Se
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Table 2. Comparison of average stem
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Table 1. Area and species planted i
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Table 4. P.falcataria related enter
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The Marketing System The marketing
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The field trip, organized by the Fo
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213 213 em
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Participants Marian delos Angeles S
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Syed Zahir Sadeque AST/CIDA House 6
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