2011 report to congress - U.S.-China Economic and Security Review ...

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dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$_JOBSECTION 2: CHINA’S ‘‘AREA CONTROLMILITARY STRATEGY’’IntroductionDuring the 2011 report cycle, the Commission examined China’smilitary strategy. At its core, this strategy provides guidance to thePeople’s Liberation Army (PLA) on how to defeat a technologicallysuperior opponent and can be summarized as having three themes.First, it emphasizes degrading an opponent’s technological advancesin an effort to level the playing field. Second, it is a militarystrategy that prioritizes striking first in a conflict to seize the initiative.Third, its geographic focus centers on controlling China’speriphery, especially the western Pacific Ocean. Over the past decade,these themes have been reflected in China’s military modernizationefforts. As a result, it appears that the PLA is acquiringimproved capacities to counter U.S. military capabilities and exploitU.S. military weaknesses. Furthermore, because the focus ofChina’s military strategy has expanded beyond just a Taiwan scenario,it increasingly impacts China’s neighbors, especially those inthe western Pacific Ocean. Finally, the strategy’s emphasis onstriking first opens the door to the possibility of miscalculationsand inadvertent conflict.As a note of clarification, although China’s military strategy iscommonly referred to as an ‘‘antiaccess’’ or ‘‘area denial’’ strategyin western writings, 157 this Report will refer to this strategy as an‘‘Area Control Strategy.’’ Referring to China’s strategy as an ‘‘antiaccess’’or ‘‘area denial’’ strategy posits an overly U.S.-centric viewpoint,giving the impression that this strategy is intended solely toprevent U.S. forces from approaching China in the event of a conflict.While deterring, delaying, or denying U.S. forces from operatingalong China’s periphery is still a key PLA goal, the Commission’s2009 Annual Report to Congress demonstrated that PLA missionshave expanded. 158 Additional contingencies now include, forexample, the defense of China’s disputed territorial claims in theEast and South China Seas.* As such, a continued U.S.-centric approachdownplays the point that China’s military strategy can bejust as effectively used against other militaries throughout EastAsia. Conventionally armed missiles that can target U.S. bases andforces in East Asia can just as easily strike Japanese, Philippine,or even Vietnamese bases and forces in the event of a conflict.Summarizing the Commission’s findings from a hearing, factfindingtrips to the U.S. Pacific Command and Asia, and staff research,this section of the Report describes the PLA’s Area ControlStrategy and the implications for the United States and East Asia.* For more on recent PLA activities in the South and East China Seas, see section 1 of thischapter.(182)VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:46 Nov 10, 2011 Jkt 067464 PO 00000 Frm 00194 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6601 G:\GSDD\USCC\2011\067464.XXX 067464
dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$_JOB183It concludes with summary points and recommendations for Congress.Congressional Remarks onChina’s Area Control Military StrategyPresenting his views to the Commission on China’s Area ControlStrategy, Congressman Robert J. Wittman (R–VA) notedthat ‘‘China’s military policies are aimed at translating the nation’sgrowing economic resources into a world-class war fightingorganization’’ and that the rapid pace of its military modernizationhas ‘‘already [put] regional military balances at risks.’’ Thecongressman also described his view that China’s Area ControlStrategy could deny the United States the ability to projectpower into the region, without which ‘‘the integrity of U.S. alliancesand security partnerships could be called into question, reducingU.S. security and influence and increasing the possibilityof conflict.’’ In order to prevent this from occurring, the congressmanrecommended that the United States needs to focus ‘‘onforce posture, maintaining alliances, and maintaining the currentfootprint of strategically located bases in the western Pacific.’’159Senator Daniel K. Inouye (D–HI) submitted a written statementto the Commission, stating that China has ‘‘increased thesize of [its] navy, created formidable cyber warfare capabilities,developed new anti-ship and anti-satellite missiles, initiated anew stealth fighter, and begun construction of an aircraft carrier.’’The senator also expressed his concern that the PLA is ‘‘investingso heavily in anti-access weapons, almost certainly tocounter our power projection capabilities.’’ However, he also statedthat it is important to look at China’s military developmentsthrough the prism of capabilities the U.S. military is developingand not solely ‘‘those we currently possess.’’ In order to maintainstability in the region, Senator Inouye suggested that the UnitedStates should continue to reassure its friends and allies in theregion, maintain a strong forward military presence, and promoteimproved ties between the mainland and Taiwan. 160China’s Area Control Military StrategyAt its core, the PLA’s Area Control Strategy is a set of guidelinesto help the PLA win in a conflict with a technologically superiormilitary. 161 As Roger Cliff, then senior political scientist at theRAND Corporation, concluded, China’s military strategy embodies‘‘ways in which a country with less-advanced military capabilitiesmight seek to diminish the advantage enjoyed by a country withgreater military capabilities.’’ 162 Cortez A. Cooper, a senior internationalrelations analyst at the RAND Corporation, testified that‘‘[t]he PLA’s most authoritative modern work on military strategy,The Science of Military Strategy, states that in the current threatenvironment, preparing for a local war against a technologically superioradversary is ‘the center of gravity of strategy’.’’ 163 This influentialbook continues, noting that China’s strategic guidance fo-VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:46 Nov 10, 2011 Jkt 067464 PO 00000 Frm 00195 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6601 G:\GSDD\USCC\2011\067464.XXX 067464
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12011REPORT TO CONGRESSof theU.S.-C
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U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY RE
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dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$_J
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CONTENTSPageTRANSMITTAL LETTER TO T
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23Figure 1:China’s Share of the U
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25The weakness in U.S. exports of a
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31Table 3:RMB Bond Issuances by Mul
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35of bilateral negotiations under t
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37Stonewalling the WTO: A Case Stud
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39that China’s existing system of
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41now. Because the structures of th
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43How Big Is China’s State Sector
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45Fortune Global 500, compared to j
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47panies are less profitable, after
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49erate primarily within state-cont
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57Figure 1: Chinese FDI Stock in th
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63U.S. firms with sensitive technol
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65Addendum I: SASAC Companies, Larg
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67Addendum I: SASAC Companies, Larg
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69dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$
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71January 2010, the heads of 19 U.S
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77cause Beijing had sought to exclu
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81China in Search of Western Techno
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83scious policy seeking to drive Ch
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89Like previous plans, the 12th Fiv
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95Consultative Conference National
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99panies account[ed] for fully 7 pe
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101Dr. Shih has testified before th
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103ment subsidies, which in turn wi
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105Addendum II: Figures 1-2Figure 1
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113drivers cited increased fuel pri
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123uating from college and hoping t
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Page 139 and 140: 131unfairly or unjustifiably harm U
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Page 229 and 230: RECOMMENDATIONSChina’s ‘‘Area
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239320. Chang Xianqi, Military Astr
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243woman Jiang Yu simply expressed
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245Table 1:Timeline of Sino-North K
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249China also provides economic sup
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251economic and social strains woul
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255Iran’s South Pars Gas Field af
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257When asked by Commissioners abou
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281trade, and dispute settlement. 2
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287of Request to the United States
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289fense, since its current fleet o
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323mation Office. Day-to-day superv
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327Although the slogans change over
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335What Constitutes a ‘‘Core In
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339Selected CAIFC/CPD Track Two Exc
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341disseminated through diplomatic
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375ecutive Schedule under section 5
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APPENDIX IIIPUBLIC HEARINGS OF THE
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APPENDIX IIIALIST OF WITNESSES TEST
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393Alphabetical Listing of Panelist
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397In TaiwanU.S. Government• Amer
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APPENDIX VLIST OF RESEARCH MATERIAL
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401The National Security Implicatio
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APPENDIX VIACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIO
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