2011 report to congress - U.S.-China Economic and Security Review ...

205ganization, modeled on the European Space Agency.* These groupsallow China to facilitate its cooperation agenda.OrganizationChina’s civil space organization includes the PLA, two stateownedconglomerates, and the China National Space Agency.People’s Liberation Army: The PLA plays a central role in civilspace activities such as exploration. Consequently, ‘‘China does nothave a fully separate civil space program in the model of NASA[National Aeronautics and Space Administration] and U.S. civilspace activities,’’ according to Dr. Pace. Manned space is also an essentiallymilitary function. Ms. Krolikowski testified that ‘‘[i]n civilspace, the [General Armaments Department] acts mainly in andthrough the Manned Space Engineering Office, the entity responsiblefor the human spaceflight program.’’ She also testified that individualmilitary services serve certain functions. For example, thePLA Air Force conducts astronaut training and medical activities.264China National Space Agency: Created in 1993 under the StateCouncil, the China National Space Agency was intended by Chineseplanners to become a National Aeronautics and Space Administrationequivalent. 265 However, the China National Space Agencynever gained control of many research and development, production,and operations functions executed by the military and defenseindustry. 266 The agency now mainly facilitates and executes internationalagreements and other aspects of international cooperation.267Space industrial base: China’s space industrial base is composedof two primary state-owned conglomerates: the Chinese AerospaceScience and Technology Corporation and the China AerospaceScience and Industry Corporation. The two organizations took theirpresent form in 1999 when Beijing reorganized the space sector tocreate greater competition, according to a Commission-sponsoredreport on China’s defense industries.† 268• China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. Theformation of this corporation brought together scores of researchinstitutes and production complexes. China’s NationalMedium- to Long-Term Plan for Development of Science andTechnology (2005 to 2020) designated the corporation as one of15 select, state-owned enterprises to receive special policy incentivesand extra funds for research and development, accord-dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$_JOB* Seven dues-paying members compose the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization:China, Bangladesh, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan, Peru, and Thailand. According to Dr. Moltz, thegroup ‘‘engages in joint research and data-exchange efforts, as well as formal training coursesfor scientists and engineers from the Asian-Pacific region in space technology and remote sensing.’’† Both China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation and China Aerospace Science andIndustry Corporation (described below) are currently subordinate to the umbrella organization,State Administration for Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense, which, in turn,is subordinate to the ‘‘super’’-Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. See U.S.-ChinaEconomic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on the Implications of China’s Military andCivil Space Programs, written testimony of Clay Moltz, May 11, 2011. Additionally, like othermajor state-owned enterprises, both entities are administratively subordinate to the StateownedAssets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council.VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:46 Nov 10, 2011 Jkt 067464 PO 00000 Frm 00217 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6601 G:\GSDD\USCC\2011\067464.XXX 067464