2011 report to congress - U.S.-China Economic and Security Review ...

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RECOMMENDATIONSThe Commission recommends that:• Congress evaluate the effectiveness of U.S. government public diplomacyprograms in the East Asian region.• Congress urge the administration to seek clarification on theChinese government’s views as to what represents a ‘‘core interest’’as well as what this formulation means for U.S.-China relations,and the implications for U.S. allies and friends.• Congress ensure that its own Members are made fully aware ofthe Chinese institutional actors engaged in exchange programsinvolving officials of the U.S. Government.dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$_JOB(342)VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:46 Nov 10, 2011 Jkt 067464 PO 00000 Frm 00354 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6601 G:\GSDD\USCC\2011\067464.XXX 067464
dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$_JOB343ENDNOTES FOR CHAPTER 41. As one prominent example of the debate between international relationsscholars about what the rise of China as a great power means for the United Statesand the rest of the world, see John Mearscheimer and Zbigniew Brzezinski, ‘‘Clashof the Titans,’’ Foreign Policy 146 (January/February 2005).2. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on China’sNarratives Regarding National Security Policy, written testimony of DavidLampton, March 10, 2011. See also Linda Jakobson and Dean Knox, New ForeignPolicy Actors in China (Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm International Peace ResearchInstitute, Policy Paper No. 26, September 2010). http://books.sipri.org/files/PP/SIPRIPP26.pdf.3. Cheng Bingde, ‘‘Speech presented at the U.S. National Defense University’’(Washington, DC, May 18, 2011). Notes taken by USCC staff. Many Chinese academicshave reinforced these positive messages, and their writings have found asupportive audience among many distinguished American scholars of Chinese affairs.As an example, see Wang Jisi, ‘‘A Rising Great Power Finds its Way,’’ ForeignAffairs (March/April 2011); and the comments on Dr. Wang’s article in U.S.-ChinaEconomic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on China’s Narratives RegardingNational Security Policy, written testimony of David Lampton, March 10, 2011.For further arguments providing an optimistic view of the rise of China and of futureU.S.-China relations, see John Ikenberry, ‘‘The Rise of China and the Futureof the West; Can the Liberal System Survive?’’ Foreign Affairs (January/February2008).4. For two such examples, see Aaron Friedberg, ‘‘Hegemony with Chinese Characteristics,’’National Interest (July-August 2011); and John Mearsheimer, ‘‘TheGathering Storm: China’s Challenge to US Power in Asia,’’ The Chinese Journal ofInternational Politics 3 (2010).5. Michael Pillsbury, China Debates the Future Security Environment (Honolulu,HI: University Press of the Pacific, 2005).6. Gilbert Rozman, Chinese Strategic Thought Toward Asia (New York, NY:Palgrave MacMillan, 2010), p. 4. For a further survey on trends in Chinese strategicculture, see Eric C. Anderson and Jeffrey G. Engstrom, China’s Use of PerceptionManagement and Strategic Deception (research report prepared by Science ApplicationsInternational Corporation on behalf of the U.S.-China Economic and SecurityReview Commission, November 2009). http://www. uscc.gov/researchpapers/2009/ApprovedFINAL SAICStrategic DeceptionPaperRevisedDraft06Nov2009.pdf. See alsoAlastair Iain Johnston, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy inChinese History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Andrew Scobell,China’s Use of Military Force: Beyond the Great Wall and the Long March (NewYork, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2003); and Thomas G. Mahnken, ‘‘Secrecyand Stratagem: Understanding Chinese Strategic Culture’’ (Sydney, Australia: LowyInstitute for International Policy, 2011), http://www.lowyinstitute.org/Publication.asp?pid=1515.7. ‘‘Like communist and revolutionary parties throughout history, formed andnurtured by underground cells and violent conflict with the regimes they sought tooverthrow, the Party in China is secretive by habit and inclination.’’ RichardMcGregor, The Party: The Secret World of China’s Communist Rulers (New York,NY: Harper Collins, 2010), p. 20. See also U.S.-China Economic and Security ReviewCommission, 2009 Annual Report to Congress (Washington, DC: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, November 2009), pp. 297–298.8. For discussion of this concept, see U.S.-China Economic and Security ReviewCommission, 2009 Annual Report to Congress (Washington, DC: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 2009), pp. 292–293.9. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Hearing on China’sPropaganda and Influence Operations, Its Intelligence Activities that Target theUnited States, and the Resulting Impacts on U.S. National Security, written testimonyof Anne-Marie Brady, April 30, 2009.10. David Bandurski, ‘‘Li Changchun on the Media and China’s ‘Global Influence’’’(Hong Kong, SAR [Special Administrative Region]: China Media Project).http://cmp.hku.hk/2009/01/19/1457.11. Anne-Marie Brady, ‘‘Guiding Hand: The Role of the CCP Central PropagandaDepartment in the Current Era’’ (London, United Kingdom: University ofWestminster, Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 2006).12. Li Changchun, speech made on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary ofChina Central Television. See David Bandurski, ‘‘Li Changchun on the Media andChina’s ‘Global Influence’’’ (Hong Kong, SAR [Special Administrative Region]: ChinaMedia Project). http://cmp. hku.hk/2009/01/19/1457 .VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:46 Nov 10, 2011 Jkt 067464 PO 00000 Frm 00355 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6621 G:\GSDD\USCC\2011\067464.XXX 067464
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12011REPORT TO CONGRESSof theU.S.-C
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U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY RE
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CONTENTSPageTRANSMITTAL LETTER TO T
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23Figure 1:China’s Share of the U
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25The weakness in U.S. exports of a
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31Table 3:RMB Bond Issuances by Mul
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35of bilateral negotiations under t
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37Stonewalling the WTO: A Case Stud
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39that China’s existing system of
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41now. Because the structures of th
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43How Big Is China’s State Sector
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45Fortune Global 500, compared to j
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47panies are less profitable, after
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49erate primarily within state-cont
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57Figure 1: Chinese FDI Stock in th
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63U.S. firms with sensitive technol
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65Addendum I: SASAC Companies, Larg
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67Addendum I: SASAC Companies, Larg
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69dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$
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71January 2010, the heads of 19 U.S
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77cause Beijing had sought to exclu
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81China in Search of Western Techno
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83scious policy seeking to drive Ch
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89Like previous plans, the 12th Fiv
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95Consultative Conference National
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99panies account[ed] for fully 7 pe
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101Dr. Shih has testified before th
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103ment subsidies, which in turn wi
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105Addendum II: Figures 1-2Figure 1
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113drivers cited increased fuel pri
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123uating from college and hoping t
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131unfairly or unjustifiably harm U
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161gress, the DoD noted that China
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165eral U.S. military policies, inc
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167Figure 1:Territorial Disputes in
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171provides guidelines for dealing
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173network exploitations to facilit
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181ligence, surveillance, and recon
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187Therefore, the PLA maintains the
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189Of import, the PLA’s geographi
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197ther moves toward independence,
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199trates the depth of China’s sp
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201Figure 2:Representation of Beido
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205ganization, modeled on the Europ
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207China’s leadership also places
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211[General Armaments Department] p
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213Table 2: Select Chinese Satellit
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215weapons or coorbital satellite w
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217Malicious Cyber ActivitiesDirect
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RECOMMENDATIONSChina’s ‘‘Area
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239320. Chang Xianqi, Military Astr
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243woman Jiang Yu simply expressed
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245Table 1:Timeline of Sino-North K
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249China also provides economic sup
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251economic and social strains woul
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255Iran’s South Pars Gas Field af
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257When asked by Commissioners abou
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281trade, and dispute settlement. 2
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287of Request to the United States
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289fense, since its current fleet o
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Page 383 and 384: 375ecutive Schedule under section 5
Page 395 and 396: APPENDIX IIIPUBLIC HEARINGS OF THE
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393Alphabetical Listing of Panelist
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397In TaiwanU.S. Government• Amer
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APPENDIX VLIST OF RESEARCH MATERIAL
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401The National Security Implicatio
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APPENDIX VIACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIO
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