2011 report to congress - U.S.-China Economic and Security Review ...

dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$_JOB206ing to a Commission-sponsored report on China’s science programs.269 The industrial giant primarily focuses on powerfullaunch vehicles and large satellites. 270 It includes entities suchas the China Great Wall Industry Corporation, the organizationthat markets launch services and satellite systems tointernational clients, and the China Satellite CommunicationsCorporation, which operates telecommunications satellites. 271• China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation: Althoughsmaller than its counterpart, this corporation is composed of180 enterprises and employs over 100,000 people. It specializesin ‘‘tactical ballistic missiles, anti-ship and land attack cruisemissiles, air defense missile systems, direct ascent anti-satellite(ASAT) interceptors, small tactical satellites and associatedtactical satellite launch vehicles,’’ according to a report bythe Project 2049 Institute. The China Aerospace Science andIndustry Corporation appears to be the lead entity behind China’sefforts to develop an antiship ballistic missile program,which seeks the ability to target moving vessels at sea. 272 (Formore information on the antiship ballistic missile program,see the ‘‘Military Space Activities’’ subsection, below, as well assec. 1 of this chapter.)Most of these organizations operate within tightly controlled,vertically structured bureaucracies. Ad hoc steering groups, called‘‘Leading Small Groups,’’ composed of prominent individuals fromthe leadership of relevant Chinese Communist Party, Chinese government,and corporate organizations, provide guidance and makedecisions. 273 Chinese officials generally do not disclose the existenceof such groups or their membership. However, space-specific,leading small groups reportedly exist for ‘‘lunar projects, humanspaceflight, Earth observation satellites, and heavy-lift launch vehicledevelopment,’’ according to Ms. Krolikowski. 274Notable DevelopmentsChina’s civil space activities have progressed at a cautious butsteady rate. China’s leadership values manned missions and focuseson that area. According to Dr. Pace, ‘‘It is not a question ofwhether China will have a full range of human space flight capabilities,but a question of when and what they intend to do withthose capabilities.’’ 275 After successful manned missions in 2003,2005, and 2008, the last of which included a space walk, China’sspace planners have identified a range of increasingly ambitiousplans through the mid-2020s. China is currently developing a seriesof three small space laboratory modules that it plans to launchover the coming decade. The first of the series, ‘‘Tiangong-1,’’launched in September 2011. 276 These laboratories will conduct researchfor, among other things, a future permanent space station.Though modest in size and scope in comparison to the InternationalSpace Station, China’s planned space station will requiresubstantial capabilities to orbit. The station will be composed ofthree separate modules—slated to launch in 2020, 2021, and2022—that will need to rendezvous in space. 277 Like other aspectsof China’s manned space activities, the space station will be run bythe PLA. 278VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:46 Nov 10, 2011 Jkt 067464 PO 00000 Frm 00218 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6601 G:\GSDD\USCC\2011\067464.XXX 067464