2011 report to congress - U.S.-China Economic and Security Review ...

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200Launch VehiclesIn 2010, China conducted 15 successful satellite launches, asmany as the United States and behind only Russia, according totestimony to the Commission by Clay Moltz, associate professor atthe Naval Postgraduate School. 240 China relies primarily on theChang Zheng (‘‘CZ,’’ or ‘‘Long March’’) family of rockets to launchobjects into orbit. Although less capable than some American, European,and Russian launch vehicles, the Chang Zheng hasamassed an impressive reliability rate.* A new variant of the vehicle,the CZ–5, could enter service as soon as 2014, according to aCommission-sponsored report on China’s aerospace industry. 241 Incontrast to this program, China has experienced substantial setbackswith its next-generation family of rockets, called Kaituozhe(‘‘KT,’’ or ‘‘Pioneer’’). Though the Pioneer has been in developmentsince 2000, two out of a possible five tests have failed, and the futureof the program remains uncertain. 242SatellitesChina controls approximately 70 satellites.† Chinese civil entitiesand state-owned enterprises (or commercial entities that involvestate-owned enterprises), operate about 13, and other governmentor military entities control the remainder. 243 China’s satellites fillnumerous roles, including a variety of experimental functions; communicationsand data relay; earth observation; weather; imageryand reconnaissance; synthetic-aperture radar; and potentially signalsintelligence or electronic intelligence. 244 In addition, an indigenoussatellite navigation capability (similar to the U.S. Global PositioningSystem) appears to be a high priority for Beijing, which isdeveloping a comparable system called Beidou. Beidou-1, an experimentalconstellation, currently provides limited coverage (see figure2, below). Beidou-2, a follow-on system that already includesnine operational satellites, should provide regionwide coveragefrom 12 satellites by 2012. By 2020, the system intends to provideglobal coverage with 35 satellites (see table 1, below). 245dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$_JOB* Since a string of failures from 1992 to 1996 (after which American firms offered troubleshootingadvice) the CZ has had only two failures: one in 2009 and one in 2011. There are somediscrepancies about the CZ’s precise success rate over the life of the program. By one count,there have been 132 CZ–2, –3, and –4 launches since 1974. Of those, only seven, or about 5.3percent, failed. This includes not just catastrophic failures but also those in which the payloadfailed to reach its intended orbit (in some cases, a satellite in the wrong orbit can still performcertain functions). For information about the involvement of American firms with the CZ programin the early and mid-1990s, see Shirley A. Kan, ‘‘China: Possible Missile TechnologyTransfers Under U.S. Satellite Export Policy—Actions and Chronology’’ (Washington, DC:Congressional Research Service, updated October 6, 2003). http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/98-485l20031006.pdf. For information about CZ failures in 2009 and 2011, see StephenClark, ‘‘Chinese rocket fails to orbit experimental satellite,’’ Spaceflight Now, August 18, 2011.http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1108/18longmarch/. For data on the CZ’s success rate, see EdKyle, ‘‘2011 Space Launch Report,’’ Space Launch Report, September 18, 2011. http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/log2011.html#rate.† By way of comparison, the United States controls over 450 satellites, Russia controls over100, and Japan controls over 40. See Union of Concerned Scientists, ‘‘UCS Satellite Database(through 4/30/11)’’ (Cambridge, MA: 2011). http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclearlweaponslandlgloballsecurity/spacelweapons/technicallissues/ucs-satellite-database.html.VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:46 Nov 10, 2011 Jkt 067464 PO 00000 Frm 00212 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6601 G:\GSDD\USCC\2011\067464.XXX 067464
201Figure 2:Representation of Beidou-1’s Coverage AreaSource: Junping Zhao et al., ‘‘The Design and Implementation of a Rescue Terminal with VitalSigns Telemonitoring Based on Beidou 1 Navigation Satellite System,’’ Telemedicine and e-Health 2:17 (March 2011): 76–79.Table 1:Select Chinese Satellites (operational only)Type Series QuantityCommunications Dongfanghong 3, 4 6Weather Fengyun 1, 2, 3 5Civilian Earth Observation China-Brazil Earth Resources 2 1Huanjing 1 2Haiyang 1 1Military Reconnaissance Fanhui Shi Weixing * —Ziyuan 3Yaogan 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 9dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$_JOBSatellite Navigation Beidou 1, 2 11VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:46 Nov 10, 2011 Jkt 067464 PO 00000 Frm 00213 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6601 G:\GSDD\USCC\2011\067464.XXX 067464Ch2Fig6.eps
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12011REPORT TO CONGRESSof theU.S.-C
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U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY RE
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dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$_J
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CONTENTSPageTRANSMITTAL LETTER TO T
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23Figure 1:China’s Share of the U
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25The weakness in U.S. exports of a
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31Table 3:RMB Bond Issuances by Mul
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35of bilateral negotiations under t
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37Stonewalling the WTO: A Case Stud
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39that China’s existing system of
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41now. Because the structures of th
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43How Big Is China’s State Sector
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45Fortune Global 500, compared to j
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47panies are less profitable, after
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49erate primarily within state-cont
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57Figure 1: Chinese FDI Stock in th
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63U.S. firms with sensitive technol
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65Addendum I: SASAC Companies, Larg
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67Addendum I: SASAC Companies, Larg
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69dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$
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71January 2010, the heads of 19 U.S
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77cause Beijing had sought to exclu
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81China in Search of Western Techno
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83scious policy seeking to drive Ch
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89Like previous plans, the 12th Fiv
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95Consultative Conference National
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99panies account[ed] for fully 7 pe
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101Dr. Shih has testified before th
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103ment subsidies, which in turn wi
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105Addendum II: Figures 1-2Figure 1
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113drivers cited increased fuel pri
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123uating from college and hoping t
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131unfairly or unjustifiably harm U
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Page 173 and 174: 165eral U.S. military policies, inc
Page 175 and 176: 167Figure 1:Territorial Disputes in
Page 179 and 180: 171provides guidelines for dealing
Page 181 and 182: 173network exploitations to facilit
Page 189 and 190: 181ligence, surveillance, and recon
Page 195 and 196: 187Therefore, the PLA maintains the
Page 197 and 198: 189Of import, the PLA’s geographi
Page 205 and 206: 197ther moves toward independence,
Page 207: 199trates the depth of China’s sp
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Page 219 and 220: 211[General Armaments Department] p
Page 221 and 222: 213Table 2: Select Chinese Satellit
Page 223 and 224: 215weapons or coorbital satellite w
Page 225 and 226: 217Malicious Cyber ActivitiesDirect
Page 229 and 230: RECOMMENDATIONSChina’s ‘‘Area
Page 247 and 248: 239320. Chang Xianqi, Military Astr
Page 251 and 252: 243woman Jiang Yu simply expressed
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251economic and social strains woul
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255Iran’s South Pars Gas Field af
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257When asked by Commissioners abou
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281trade, and dispute settlement. 2
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287of Request to the United States
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289fense, since its current fleet o
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323mation Office. Day-to-day superv
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327Although the slogans change over
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335What Constitutes a ‘‘Core In
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339Selected CAIFC/CPD Track Two Exc
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341disseminated through diplomatic
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375ecutive Schedule under section 5
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APPENDIX IIIPUBLIC HEARINGS OF THE
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APPENDIX IIIALIST OF WITNESSES TEST
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393Alphabetical Listing of Panelist
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397In TaiwanU.S. Government• Amer
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APPENDIX VLIST OF RESEARCH MATERIAL
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401The National Security Implicatio
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APPENDIX VIACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIO
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