2011 report to congress - U.S.-China Economic and Security Review ...

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dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$_JOBSECTION 3: THE IMPLICATIONS OFCHINA’S CIVIL AND MILITARYSPACE ACTIVITIESIntroductionDecades of high prioritization and steady investment from Chineseleaders, coupled with incremental indigenous achievements byChinese scientists and engineers, place China among the top spacepowers in the world today.* Qualitatively, China’s space industriesnow produce state-of-the-art systems for certain applications, suchas guided weapons that use space assets for targeting. Quantitatively,numerous active programs continue to increase China’sinventory of satellites and other space assets. China’s capabilitiesstill generally lag behind those of the United States, Russia, andperhaps other nations by some measures. But of note, particularlyas many nations’ space programs proceed with relatively modestgoals, China’s civil and military space programs are in the ascendancy,in some cases on a steep trajectory.Commission research and hearings held over the past year foundthat the implications of this trend for the United States and therest of the world depend considerably on how the Chinese governmentseeks to use its increasingly robust space capabilities. Officialstatements emphasize reasonable and nonthreatening goals: prestige,scientific experimentation, exploration, and the attendantcommercial and economic benefits. However, the substantial rolethe People’s Liberation Army (PLA) plays in most facets of China’sspace activities demonstrates their heavily military orientation.Notwithstanding the inherently dual-use nature of many space activities,programmatic decisions such as concerted investment incounterspace technologies also indicate the centrality of militaryobjectives. This raises questions about the Chinese government’swillingness to be a responsible actor in the space domain. Threatsto space infrastructure, particularly massive, orbital debris-creatingevents like the PLA’s 2007 antisatellite demonstration (discussedbelow), have the potential to deny the benefits of space activitiesand technologies to the entire international community.Basic FeaturesChina’s space capabilities are advancing on several fronts. Informationabout China’s current, space-related infrastructure illus-* Although subjective, space program capabilities and expenditure levels suggest that the term‘‘space powers’’ would also include the United States, Russia, Japan, and the European Union.For figures, see The Space Foundation, ‘‘The Space Report 2011’’ (Colorado Springs, CO: 2011).p. 42; and Union of Concerned Scientists, ‘‘UCS Satellite Database (through 4/30/11)’’(Cambridge, MA: 2011). http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclearlweaponslandlgloballsecurity/spacelweapons/technicallissues/ucs-satellite-database.html.(198)VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:46 Nov 10, 2011 Jkt 067464 PO 00000 Frm 00210 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6601 G:\GSDD\USCC\2011\067464.XXX 067464
199trates the depth of China’s space programs. Three areas in particularbear mentioning: terrestrial infrastructure, launch vehicles,and satellites.Terrestrial InfrastructureGround-based infrastructure enables all space operations. Chinahas three active launch sites, located in Jiuquan, Gansu Province;Xichang, Sichuan Province; and Taiyuan, Shanxi Province (see figure1, below). A fourth site is under construction at Wenchang,Hainan Island, and could become operational by 2013. In additionto these facilities, China operates two mission control centers: theBeijing Aerospace Flight Control Center, used for manned flightand lunar missions; and the Xi’an Satellite Telemetry and ControlCenter, used for tracking and controlling satellite data. Finally, anoverseas tracking station in Swakopmund, Namibia, and four PLAoperatedspace tracking ships provide greater coverage areas forparticular missions. 239Figure 1: China’s Operational Terrestrial Space Infrastructure *TT&C: Telemetry, Tracking, and Command. (Ship placement is for illustrative purposes only.)Source: Globalsecurity.org, ‘‘Chinese Space Facilities,’’ undated. http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/facility.htm.dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$_JOB* Domestic and maritime infrastructure only.VerDate Nov 24 2008 13:46 Nov 10, 2011 Jkt 067464 PO 00000 Frm 00211 Fmt 6601 Sfmt 6601 G:\GSDD\USCC\2011\067464.XXX 067464Ch2Fig5.eps
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12011REPORT TO CONGRESSof theU.S.-C
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U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY RE
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dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$_J
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CONTENTSPageTRANSMITTAL LETTER TO T
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23Figure 1:China’s Share of the U
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25The weakness in U.S. exports of a
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31Table 3:RMB Bond Issuances by Mul
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35of bilateral negotiations under t
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37Stonewalling the WTO: A Case Stud
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39that China’s existing system of
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41now. Because the structures of th
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43How Big Is China’s State Sector
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45Fortune Global 500, compared to j
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47panies are less profitable, after
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49erate primarily within state-cont
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57Figure 1: Chinese FDI Stock in th
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63U.S. firms with sensitive technol
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65Addendum I: SASAC Companies, Larg
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67Addendum I: SASAC Companies, Larg
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69dkrause on DSKHT7XVN1PROD with $$
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71January 2010, the heads of 19 U.S
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77cause Beijing had sought to exclu
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81China in Search of Western Techno
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83scious policy seeking to drive Ch
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89Like previous plans, the 12th Fiv
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95Consultative Conference National
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99panies account[ed] for fully 7 pe
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101Dr. Shih has testified before th
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103ment subsidies, which in turn wi
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105Addendum II: Figures 1-2Figure 1
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113drivers cited increased fuel pri
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123uating from college and hoping t
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131unfairly or unjustifiably harm U
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Page 173 and 174: 165eral U.S. military policies, inc
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Page 229 and 230: RECOMMENDATIONSChina’s ‘‘Area
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249China also provides economic sup
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251economic and social strains woul
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255Iran’s South Pars Gas Field af
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257When asked by Commissioners abou
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281trade, and dispute settlement. 2
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287of Request to the United States
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289fense, since its current fleet o
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323mation Office. Day-to-day superv
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327Although the slogans change over
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335What Constitutes a ‘‘Core In
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339Selected CAIFC/CPD Track Two Exc
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341disseminated through diplomatic
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375ecutive Schedule under section 5
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APPENDIX IIIPUBLIC HEARINGS OF THE
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APPENDIX IIIALIST OF WITNESSES TEST
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393Alphabetical Listing of Panelist
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397In TaiwanU.S. Government• Amer
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APPENDIX VLIST OF RESEARCH MATERIAL
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401The National Security Implicatio
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APPENDIX VIACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIO
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