aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

application due to the potential existence of
other tick-borne diseases, although it allows
considerable relaxation of acaricide use. In
addition, the use of live parasites in the vaccine
poses some safety drawbacks for larg6-scale
immunisation purposes. This is compounded by
uncertainty about the spectrum of different
species, strains and antigenic types of iheileria
parasites in different a-:as, vsriatior in the
sensitivity of different parasite isolates to
therapeutic drugs and the developmeht of a
potentially infective carrier state in immunised
animals. Furthermore, the application of the
infection and treatment vaccine requires a liquid
nitrogen system for cold storage and transportation
and during the pilot application stage, an
extended monitoring period post-immunisation
to detect and treat any breakthrough :nfections.
Both these aspects currently constitute high cost
items in the delivery of the vaccine,
Research at the Internatienal Laboratory for
Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD) based in
Kenya is continuing to further improve the
safety and effectiveness of the infection and
treatment vaccine and to develop genetically
engineered safer vaccines that will avoid most of
these drawbacks. In addition, ILRAD's socioeconomics
programme is conducting studies in
several countries in the region to assess the
epidemiological, economic, social and environmental
impact of the method. These studies are
aimed at generating further information that
will be useful for the planning and implementation
of widespread application of the method.
Policy issues
The current methods of ECF control are clearly
beset with numerous limitations and are
evidently inadequate and unsustainable. Pros-
References
Berkvens D, Geysen D M and Lynen G M. 1989. East
Coast raver immunization in the Eastern Province
of Zambia. In: Dolan T T (ed), Theileriosis in
Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. ILRAD
(International Laboratory for Research on Animal
Disease), Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 83-86.
Brown C G D. 1985. Immunization against East Coast
fever: Progress towards a vaccine. In: IrvinAD (ed),
Immunization againsttheileriosisin Africa. ILRAD
(International Laboratory for Research on Animal
Diseases), Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 90-96.
Callow L L. 1983. Ticks and tick-borne dis .ses as a
barrier to the introduction of exotic cattle to the
tropics. Anoims.ln: Prouc In: Tickhe and
and Hthk-borne
tick.borne diseases. FAO
P eapeFAO
Animal Production and Health Paper 36. FAO (Food
and Agricuiture Organization of the United
Nations), Rome, Italy. pp. 48-53.
Cunninghato M P. 1977. Immunization of cattle against
Theileri, parva. In: Henson H B and Campbell M.
(eds), Tileriosis: report of a workshop held in
Nairobi, Kenya, 7-9 Decemler 1976. IDRC
(International Development Research Centre),
Ottawa, Canada. 112 pr.
de Haan C and Nissen N J. 1985. Anir,wl health services
in iub-SaharanAfrica: Alternative approaches.
111
pects for developing new, safer, cheaper and
more effective methods based upon iinmunisation
are very promising. However, before a
change in control strategy is adopted, certain
policy issues must also be addressed if the new
cc L.rol strategies are to be sustainable. The
decision for such change in the control strategy
is often political. Politicians and government
policy makers will therefore need to be convinced
of not only the technical and economic feasibility
of immunisation but also of its social, institutional
and environmental soundness.
Policy issues regarding the production,
delivery and financing of immunisation by the
infection and treatment method would have to be
addressed. For instance, how the production and
delivery will be organised. Critical attention
must be given to resource issues: what facilities,
equipment, materials and manpower will be
needed; where, when and how will they be
procured and maintained; what institutions
(national, regional and international) will be
involved; what infrastructure (e.g. markets and
extension) will need to be provided; who will pay
what cost; and what will be the role of the public
and private sectors. The control of other tickborne
diseases, other infections End constraints
that will confound the control of ECF also needs
to be considered. These and other questions
require careful analysis if the benefits of ECF
control by immunisation are to be maximised
and their potential deleterious effects
minimised.
Differences in livestock production systems
and animal disease control strategies mean that
individual countries will need to assess their own
policy options to determine approaches
compatible with optimal and sustainable
application of new control strategies.
World Bank Technical Paper 44. World Bank,
Washington, DC, USA. 83 pp.
de Leeuw P N and Pasha I Ole. 1988. The cost of tick
controlin Maosaiherdsin eastern Kajiado District,
Kenya. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for
Africa), unpublished, Nairobi, Kenya. 10 pp.
Dolan T T. 1989. Theileriosis : a comprehensive review.
Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Eptz. 8:11-36.
Hooke F G. 1981. Commercial considerations for the
development of an antitheileria product. In: Irvin,
A D, Cunningham P M and Young A S (eds),
Advances in the control of theileriosis. Martinus
Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands
pp. 177-185.
JulIa II. 1985. Theileriosis in Southern Sudan. In: Irvin,
A D (ed), Immunization against Theileriosis in
Africa. ILRAD (International Laboratory for
Research on Animal Diseases), Nairobi, Kenya.
pp. 27-30.
Keating M 1. 1987. Dioxathion (Delnav) Residues in milk
iin Kenya. TropicalAnimal Health and Production
1'):147- 152.
Kiltz 11H. 1985. Theileriosis in Burundi. In: Irvin, A D
(ed), Immunization against Theileriosis in Africa.
ILRAD (International Laboratory for Research on
An:.,al Diseases), Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 12-15.