aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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years. Apart from the delays in goat multiplication, there were no significant failures. Evaluation of the SR-CRSP programme Ecological suitability of livestock und forage species under study The DPGs appeared to be well adapted to conditions in western Kenya especially those that were born there. Mature goats hrought into western Kenya from the breeding project in 01 Magogo suffered initial adaptation shocks, that sometimes resulted in abortions. The shocks were partly also due to change in management systems, e.g. goats are tethered in western Kenya, a departure from the free-range system at 01 Magogo. In terms of disease hazards, helminths were generally more of a threat for DPGs than for the local goats. This was because it was wetter in western Kenya than in 01 Magogo where the DPGs were raised before being translocated. Forage species developed in western Kenya Several forage species were screened and their production technologies developed for DPGs in viestern Kenya. These included Bana grass (Pennisetum purpureum derivative), Leucaena, Sesbaniaand dual-purpose crops that produced both foods and feeds. Also included was a maize cultivar (the Maseno Double Cobber), several high yielding sweet potato cultivars and suitable technologies for feed conservation such as hay and silage and the improved utilisation of a wide range of crop residues. A feed package was also developed by combining a wide range of milled crop residues, leaves of high protein multipurpose tree legumes (especially Sesbania and Leucaena), molasses, phosphorus and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) sources. As western Kenya falls into three ecozones, humid, subhamid and semi-arid around the shores of Lake Victoria, forages grown in the first two ecozones have very high moisture contents (80%). Therefore, the dry-matter (DM) intake is limited although the animals feed to capacity. Studies have shown that the wilting of forages for a few hours before feeding increased liveweight gains (Semenye et al, 1987), therefore livestock should be given some partially dehydrated forages to improve DM intake, Target fa.'-mers for technologies generated The smallholder farmers who were to benefit from these technologies had several constraints. These included: ° lack of money and credit facilities to enable them to explore the potential of the new technologies as often, technologies developed for smallholder farmers required cash input " shortage of land was so severe that many households devoted all land available to the 61 growing of food crops and livestock was tethered only on roadsides the farmers were very careful not to experiment with certain new forage technologies for fear that the yields of their food crops could be adversely affected. This was particularly pertinent in experiments where forage crops were intercropped with food crops (Orim et al, 1985). However, most DPG farmers intelligently selected technologies that would suit their needs. These included: * almost 100% acceptance of the DPGs • the DPG farmers generally followed the recoir mended management of the goats, e.g. clean milking procedures, proper feeding and breeding does only to the proven DPG bucks * almost 100% adoption rate 1br the high yielding Maseno Double Cobber maize * the bulk of respondent farmers brought their goats as well as their cattle for dipping every week. In contrast, when a nominal fee was charged to cover the cost of the antihelminthics and other veterinary care facilities, most fermers ceased to report cases of sick goats. Observations have shown that target farmers are extremely enterprising, e.g. they have diverted a lot of the imbued forage technologies to benefit not only their goats, but also their cattle. Hence, recent surveys on livestock numbers in the study areas indicate increases in the cattle population. Productivity gap between on-station and on-farm Some parameters of productivity gaps between on-station and on-farm are presented in Figures 1 and 2 for milk production and growth rates, respectively. Figure 1 indicates that GPGs onfarm reached their milk peak after one week of kidding, producing 600 ml daily for household use. On-station the DPG does reached their peak milk production, three weeks after kidding, producing 1500 ml per day after the kid had suckled. This shows a productivity gap of 900 ml between the two test groups which translates to 150%. The local does at the station peaked after six weeks of kidding, representing a daily milk production of 400 ml. Milk production of local goats was not measured on-farm since not all DPG respondent farmers had local goats and those that had did not milk them because oftheir low milk yields. The data presented in Table 1 give the major differences in production inputs for the DPGs between on-station and on-farm. The large performance gaps of DPGs observed between on-station and on-farm are mainly due to differences in resource availability. Growth rates of kids up to three months both on-station and on-farm are presented in
Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take yieldofdual-purpose and localgoats on-station and on-farm Inwestern Kenya. Millilitres 2000 1500 1000 Figure 2. Growth performance shic'wn in Figure 2 indicates that there were hqrdly any differences in growth rates of DFG kids on-station and on-farm. At three months, the on-farm DPG kids weighed 8.3 kg, while those raised on-station weighed 7.7 kg, a difference of 7.8%. At the same age, the kids of local goats on-station weighed 6.3 kg. This shows that the DPG kidson-station were 1.4 kgheavierthan the local kids also on-station, a difference of 22.2%. Table 2 presents the distribution of the DPGs in six clusters (villages) in western data also Kenya. indicates The the number of the farmers number and and ages of the DPGs in each cluster. This translated into 122 respondent farmers Theitrng DP t into Th 2s. ersent keeping 91 381 DPGs. areros There were 191 mature does on-farm (Table 1) while the number of mature bucks was 39. The bucks in each village were shared amorng the farmers who although had does, did not have bucks. As a result of the practice ofbuck-sharingtheDPGswerescrened regularly for brucellosis. In Table 3 the data indicates that productivity performance of the DPGs was higher on-station Woeks 62 -4-- on-statlon local •-Q- on-station DPG Xon-farm DPG than on-farm by an average of 51.9% over the nine traits measured. However, some parameters such as kidding percentages, milk off-take, annual productivity per doe and annual productivity per metabolic body weight were 50.8%, 50.0%, 145.5% and 125.9%, respectively, higher on-station than on-farm. This indicates that the DPGs had an excellent productivity potential in western Kenya once correct management and technologies were adopted. Availability of capital investment for adoption of technologies Capital availability for investment was very low for small-scale farmers in western Kenya. Access to credit institutions is dependent on collateral before the release of loans. Generally, the only collateral the smallholder farmers had was the land on which they lived. Since this could be auctioned in the case of a default on loans, the farmers tended not to mortgage their land to obtain credit for general farm development. However, where the credit facilities were available, the DPG farmers with varied land sizes benefited differently (Nyaribo, 1992). Table 4
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
Page 15 and 16: contribute much more than exotic ca
Page 17 and 18: Intensive animal feeding practices
Page 19 and 20: Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
Page 21 and 22: Table 3. Nutritional composition an
Page 23 and 24: Table 6. Nutritional composition an
Page 25 and 26: Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
Page 27 and 28: Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2. The analyical framework.
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3. Group composition and lin
Page 33 and 34: Dairy/beef production systems resea
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
Page 37 and 38: Table 5. The performance of Holstei
Page 39 and 40: Research on smallholder dairy produ
Page 41 and 42: are a small number of productive an
Page 43 and 44: establishing a time frame sufficien
Page 45 and 46: secondary data analyses. In each ar
Page 47 and 48: facilitate greater orientation to f
Page 49 and 50: References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
Page 51 and 52: Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
Page 53 and 54: country relies on the development o
Page 55 and 56: To estimate the productivity of int
Page 57 and 58: S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
Page 59 and 60: Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
Page 61 and 62: igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
Page 63 and 64: References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
Page 65: * train a number of Kenyans for hig
Page 69 and 70: Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
Page 71 and 72: Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
Page 73 and 74: Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
Page 75 and 76: The project staff are closely invol
Page 77 and 78: Dairy goat research and extension a
Page 79 and 80: Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
Page 81 and 82: Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
Page 83 and 84: Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
Page 85 and 86: Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88: the establishment of good managemen
Page 89 and 90: Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 91 and 92: circumvent this problem the "Open N
Page 93 and 94: Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96: Research methodology Project implem
Page 97 and 98: government centre between 1935 and
Page 99 and 100: emphasis to improvements in the mil
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
Page 103 and 104: Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
Page 105 and 106: government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108: Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110: ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111 and 112: ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114: Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
Page 115 and 116: experiences so far gained and futur
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acceptance s very high and the work
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Sustainable control methods for tic
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Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
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Summary New vaccine strategies agai
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Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
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Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
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Objectives ofte research programme
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aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
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ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
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Summary Smallholder dairy productio
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Factors affecting the development a
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Most roads in the rural areas where
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well-focused dairy development prog
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Secure better bargaining position w
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purchase fuel and lubricants in the
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part of the country. The cattle pop
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" to increase farm-family income of
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Recent developments in the dairy in
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Dairy development programme in Tang
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Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
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Table 5. Napier production on-farm
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facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
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Smallholder dairy development progr
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various types of cattle under rural
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38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
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labour to meet the requirements of
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Development of smallholder dairying
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Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
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Marketing options for livestock pro
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argaed that the only way to improve
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Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
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Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
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Group ranch concept and practice ir
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the land, reducing the capacity of
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Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
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upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
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the project in 1982. Infrastructura
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If all the ranches were subdivided
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This can be achieved through an ext
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Introduction of dairy cattle produc
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" a permanent water source should b
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Development of feeding strategies a
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Supplementation improved milk yield
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Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
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Summary Wool and mohair production
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contributed to low fecundity was th
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established with the following obje
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qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
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Synthesis of constraints to livesto
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i'nd appropriateness of the technol
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" Realising the magnitude of the pr
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DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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