aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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to risk. This leaves the field open to more wealthy operators, who are often more urban oriented, to benefit from such schemes. The danger is that they will try to preclude the subsequent entry of other operators. Individual and group grazing areas need to be fenced to encourage rational use ofgrazing land. This will persuade farmers to improve pasture lands. One optioq would be to subsidise fencing for individuals and groups in schemes where pasture development is accepted. Suggested framework for future Input/credit development programmes The present requirements for establishing credit-worthiness disciiminate against smallholder farmers. To correct this imbalance a Dairy Development Trust Fund should be set up. Policy implementation The Government should implement the policies promulgated to enhance the development of the dairy subsector in the small-scale/communal secto. It should provide direct financial assistanc to dairy development, inputs and transport and spares. There is a need to review legislation for clean milk production and to promote the development of a cheaper milking parlour that is within reach of resource-poor dairy farmers. For example, using mortar instead of cement and thatch/ plastic sheeting instead of asbestos sheet are areas that can be further explored, The problem of shortage of foundation stock can be addressed by the Government using par .atatal farms for multiplication. Lessons could be learned from other experiences in the region. Selected bibliography Agricultural Marketing Authority (AMA). 1990. Dairy situationandoutlook report 1989/90.AMA, Harare, Zimbabwe. CSO (Central Statistical Office). 1987. Statisticalyear book. CSO, Harare, Zimbabwe. DDP (Dairy Development Programme). 1988. Perspective plan document, 1988-1987.Dairy Marketing Board, Harare, Zimbabwe. DMB (Dairy Marketing Board). 1988. New powder and butter plant project submission document. DMB, Harare, Zimbabwe. Unpublished report. DMB (Dairy Marketing Board). 1988. Mil . collection in Chikwaka: A study undertaken tv consider the potential ofa milk collection scheme in a communal area. DMB, Harare, Zimbabwe. Unpublished report. DPCC (Dairy Programme Co-ordination Committee). 1989. Dairy developmen in Zimbabwe: National development strategy. Ministry of Lands, Agriculture and Rural Resettlement, Harare, Zimbabwe. 172 Incentives Government producer prices (set through the DMB) are out of step with inflation, thus reducing the viability of dairying. This has resulted in some farmers switching to other production options. Rebuilding a herd takes a long time should a decision be made to go back to dairying. The expertise and experience gained in other African countries on small-scale milk processing technologies could be of considerable benefit to Zimbabwe's attempts to enter this field. Training programmes should be conducted at production, processing and marketing levels. Regional cooperation on this aspect should be strengthened. DAWA Group. 1986. Master plan for the dairy sector. Harare, Zimbabwe. Unpublished report. George S and Kuimba S. 1989. Development and participationin the DairyDeilelopment Programme in one village ofChikwaka CommunalArea,Harare. inpuie eo Ce Unpublished report. Henson B R and Mupunga E G. 1991. Dairyd.eIopment institutionsin Africa: Zimbabwe cof study. Paper prepared for the Commonwerath Secretariat Review of Dairy Development Initiatives in Africa. HIFAB/ZIMCONSULT. 1989. Dairysectorenaluationfor NOIAD and GOZ. Country study and Norwegian aid review. Unpublished report. NORAD/DDP. 1990. Technical programme review. Harare, Zimbabwe. Unpublished report. ODA (Overseas Development Administration). 1991. Rusitu Intensive Resettlement Scheme, Zimbabwe: Options Study Consultancy. November 1991. Unpublished report.
Development of smallholder dairying in Zanzibar Summary K.M. Biwi Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Natural Resources P.O. Box 159, Zanzibar, 7Ianzania The Integration of dairying ola 2-5 ha smallholdings has proved tobe very profitable in Zanzibar and many farmers are striving to entcr this business. A systematic approach which included trials of various forage grasses and legumes on-station demonstration of croplivestock integration on-station followed by on-farm research, appears to have created the necessary awareness and preparedness for the adoption of the dairy production technology. The rate of dissemination of the technology is high. Over 1000 smallholders keep crossbred or pure-bred dairy cattle in a semi-intensive or zero-grazing system. O1 hose who operate the zero-grazing system, some have become progressive farmers owning up to 10 dairy cattle instead of the usual two to five head of cattle. Average milkyield in the zero-grazing system is 8 kgcow per day, with a maximum of 22 kg/co-v per day. In the seni-intensive system average milk yield is 6 kg/cow per day with a maximum of 15 kg/cow per day. In both situations income has been adequate to sustain a farm family. With the increasing availabity of credit to smallholders and the u~surge of tourism, the dairy enterprise appears .- ha--- bright future. Introduction Policy changes from emphasis on state-owned dairy farms to smallholder dairy started in the early 1980s in Zanzibar. Since then, a systematic approach has been initiated to create awareness, disseminate knowledge and finally to advise smallholders on the basics and management of a dairy enterprise. Currently the increasing demand for milk is influenced by the expansion of tourist hotels and guest houses. In response to the demand for milk products, more smallholders are entering the business. This paper discusses approaches to and present status and future prospects of dairying in Zanzibar. Infrastructure There has been a strong belief among local livestnck keepers that crossbred and pure-bred 173 animals, especially calves, are weaker than local Coast zebu calves, fever. in that Investigations the former often by Juma die of East and Shambwana (19F5) confirm this belief. In order to reduce the disease risk, the Government has set up animal health and production centres in each district, 18 centres for dipping against ticks and one veterinary investigation centre. Above all, an effective disease control extension system has been established in which extension agents are assigned to targeted dairy smallholders. Other infrastructure designed o assist the smallholders in dairy production include a livestock feed mill and heifer multiplication units. The multiplication units also serve as training centres for smallholders. These were established to control diseases, reduce mortalities and to transfer dairy technology packages. Multilocational trials on grasses and legumes The purpose of the multilocational trials was to testvarious forage l-iates, grasses and browses for their adaptability and performance on different soil types and in various environments. These trials were supported by pot experiments to any determine trace-element soil nutrient deficiencies. status The and pot pinpoint rietcofmdthgodetltyfKnnoexpe soils; riments soils confirmed the good fertility derived of Knongo from limestones showed deficiencies in one or more of the trace elements, copper, zinc and manganese (Reynolds, 1981; Kayastha, 1982). Forage grasses and legumes found suitable in multilocational tri3ls included elephant grass, Guatemala grasF, Signal grass, Paragrass, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Tropical Kudni and Clitoria. After a thorough agronomic asessment of these grasses and legumes they %ere recommended for planting (Servoz, 1983). Crop/livestock integration As Zanzibar is a small country, zero-grazing was envisaged as being an efficient means of integrating crops and livestock. A study was made ofan on-station model farm consisting of a farm family with two hectares of land growing food crops, forage grasses and leLumes and keeping two or three dairy cattle and poultry. This examined whether the family cou'td thrive using family labour and earnings from their crop
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
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Research on smallholder dairy produ
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are a small number of productive an
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establishing a time frame sufficien
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secondary data analyses. In each ar
Page 47 and 48:
facilitate greater orientation to f
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References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
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Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
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country relies on the development o
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To estimate the productivity of int
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S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
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Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
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igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
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References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
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* train a number of Kenyans for hig
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Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
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Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
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Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
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Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
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The project staff are closely invol
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Dairy goat research and extension a
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Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
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Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
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Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
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Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
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the establishment of good managemen
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Technologies introduced in the farm
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circumvent this problem the "Open N
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Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
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Research methodology Project implem
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government centre between 1935 and
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emphasis to improvements in the mil
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Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
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Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
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government institutions as research
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Disease control approaches
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ditions occur mostly in calves and
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ments to maintain dipping infrastru
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Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
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experiences so far gained and futur
Page 117 and 118: acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120: Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124: Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126: Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
Page 127 and 128: Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
Page 129 and 130: Objectives ofte research programme
Page 131 and 132: aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
Page 133 and 134: ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
Page 135 and 136: Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 137 and 138: Factors affecting the development a
Page 139 and 140: Most roads in the rural areas where
Page 141 and 142: well-focused dairy development prog
Page 143 and 144: Secure better bargaining position w
Page 145 and 146: purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148: part of the country. The cattle pop
Page 149 and 150: " to increase farm-family income of
Page 151 and 152: Recent developments in the dairy in
Page 153 and 154: Dairy development programme in Tang
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
Page 157 and 158: Table 5. Napier production on-farm
Page 159 and 160: facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 161 and 162: Smallholder dairy development progr
Page 163 and 164: various types of cattle under rural
Page 165 and 166: 38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
Page 167: labour to meet the requirements of
Page 171 and 172: Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
Page 173 and 174: Marketing options for livestock pro
Page 175 and 176: argaed that the only way to improve
Page 177 and 178: Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
Page 179 and 180: Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
Page 181 and 182: Group ranch concept and practice ir
Page 183 and 184: the land, reducing the capacity of
Page 185 and 186: Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
Page 187 and 188: upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
Page 189 and 190: the project in 1982. Infrastructura
Page 191 and 192: If all the ranches were subdivided
Page 193 and 194: This can be achieved through an ext
Page 195 and 196: Introduction of dairy cattle produc
Page 197 and 198: " a permanent water source should b
Page 199 and 200: Development of feeding strategies a
Page 201 and 202: Supplementation improved milk yield
Page 203 and 204: Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
Page 205 and 206: Summary Wool and mohair production
Page 207 and 208: contributed to low fecundity was th
Page 209 and 210: established with the following obje
Page 211 and 212: qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
Page 213 and 214: Synthesis of constraints to livesto
Page 215 and 216: i'nd appropriateness of the technol
Page 217 and 218: " Realising the magnitude of the pr
Page 219 and 220:
DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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