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a reasonable amount. Additionally, its production does not interfere with other farm activities. To urban residents, the obvious benefit is the increas-, in milk production when Leucaena hay Is fed to dairy cows. Income and profitability Dairying generates a daily income. Although no data are available to show how this income is used, signs indicate that basic consumables, i.e. sugar, cooking oil, kerosene, salt, school uniforms and fees, are paid for from milk sales. As the dems rid for milk and milk products has grown at an accelerated rate in virtually all cities, there has been a marked increase in the price ofmilk. The resultant high milk prices have become a powerful incentive for farmers to improve their feeding and management and also to expand their enterprises through additional purchases. Mortality rates As expected, mortality rates were initially high and subsequently gradually decreased (Table 9). However, more still needs to be done to reduce mortality rate, especially among adults. Table 9. Adult andcalf mortalityrates, ruraland urban Tanzania. Adult Adult Calf population mortality mortality (average) rate (%) rate (%) January - December 1989 Rurr,' 309 3.8 7 Urban 473 4.8 8 -December 1990 January - DBook. Rural 465 4.9 4.8 Urban 542 3.7 4.7 January - December 1991 Rural 743 2.4 4 Urban 645 2.1 2.6 Infertility problems In dairy operations, farmers aim at getting one calf per cow per year. However, this was rare in the programme. In consequence, herd milk yields were low and herd size increased slowly. The main causes were failure to detect heat, failure to take cows to bulls for mating and poor nutrition. A positive correlation exists between dairy cow nutrition and fertility. To achieve high fertility rates crossbred and high-grade animals need much better feeding, management and care 164 than local animals. An average adult cow needs at least 9-10 kg of roughage and concentrate DM daily when lactating. In many cases, farmers are unable to meet this requirement. High extension costs With intensive extension approaches, costs have been high. This was as a result of the introduction of a completely new innovation. It is anticipated that extension costs will eventually decrease as the grass-roots associations assume some of extension respon- sibilities. Furthermore, as farmers gain experience there will be less need for close monitoring of their activities. Framework for future development In conclusion, for future development farmers should be as independent as possible from the often irregular Govornment veterinary services. Ideally, farmers' organisations should play a key role in providing essential inputs, marketing milk and strengthening the extension service. The experience to date is that although farmers' organisations exist they are weak. The conclusion is that although communal activities have been promoted for a long time they are not very popular in the rural communities. Trust and confidence in the dairy farmers' organisations will have to be built very slowly. The provision of inputs, milk marketing and veterinary services on a private basis (through shops, private milk processors and veterinarians) for the smallholder dairy sector is not considered feasible. References FAQ (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1989. FAO Agriculture Production Year FAO, Rome, Italy. MALD (Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development). 1984. Tanzania National Food Strategy Vol. 11. MALD, Dar es Salaani, Tanzania. MALD (Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development). 1988. Statistical abstract of the livestock census 1984. MALD, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. MALD (Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Deveiopment). (undated). MALD, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Unpublished report. McDowell R E. 1979. Rate of animalsin support of man. World Food Issues paper. Cornell University, Centre for the Analyses of World Issues, Ithaca, NY, USA. Ministry of Agriculture. 1982. The 7bnzania National Agriculture Policy (Final Report). Unpublished report. Ministry of Agriculture, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Scheinman D. 1992. Milk production and marketing in the West Usambaras,7bnga. Unpublished report. SDEP (Smallholder Dairy Extension Project). 1985-91. Annual reports- Tango. Winrock International. 1983. Sheep and goats in developing countries: Their present and potential role. World Bank Technical Paper. World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.
Smallholder dairy development programme in resettled and communal areas in Zimbabwe Summary E.G. Mupunga and D.M.J. Dube Agricultural Development Authority, Dairy Development Programme P.O. Box 8439, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe Since independence (1980), the Zimbabwe Government has adopted a policy of encouraging farmers in the small-scale, communal and resettlement schemes to participate in the dairy sector.To thisend, in 1983 the Government set up the Peasant Sector Development Programme, now known as the Dairy Development Programme (DDP). This is responsible for the implementation of dairy development projects in the communal, resettlement and small-scale farming areas. It is now operating nine schemes spread over five provinces of Zimbabwe. The smallholder dairy sector has a membership of 2000, of whom 800 members produce milk. The scarcity of the recommended genotypes (cross-breds) is slowing the rate of growth of the sector. At each scheme DDP has establisbed a demonstration unit for services (extension, AI and bull service), for milk collection and multiplication of forage seeds and planting materials of napier grasses. The farmers have largely adopted the technologies of improved cattle, fodder production and management practices. Milk production per cow per lactation is about 2400 kg in a 240-day lactation period. In the majority of the schemes the milk is sold locally, while in two schemes the milk is delivered to the Dairy Marketing Board. Farmers are encouraged to form associations which will in future manage the delivery of inputs (drugs, feeds etc) and marketing of milk. Concerted efforts are required to increase the suppliesofcrossbreds toallowthegrowthofthe sector. An economic analysis indicated that milk production is profitable in the sectoL Introduction Until 1980, large commercial farms, the former European farming sector, occupied close to 80% of the specialised and diversified farming area in the intensive farming regions of Zimbabwe. Over 50%of all large-scale commercial land is located in natural regions 1 to 3, the high- to mediumpotential regions, Commercial dairy farms in Zimbabwe are wol developed and compare very favourably witii dairy farms in Europe and North America. The predominant dairy cattle breeds are the 165 Holstein-Friesian breeds, followed by Jersey, Ayrshire, Guernsey, Redpoll, Simmental and Red Dane. Feeding in this subsector is based on maize and its by-products for energy and soya beans and cottonseed cake for protein. The major sources of roughage are natural grass, standing (range) hay and maize silage. Where irrigation is available oats, midmar rye and lucerne (Medicago sativa) are grown. Due to escalating costs of commercial feeds, there has been a recent trend towards feeds grown on the farm. Since independence in 1980, Government policy has encouraged the small-scale sector to play a larger role in milk production. To this end, in 1983 the Government set up the Peasant Sector Development Programme within the Dairy Marketing Board (DMB), now known as the Dairy Development Programme (DDP). This Programme is now under the auspices of the Agricultural Development Authority (ADA). It is responsible for the implementation of dairy development projects in the communal, resettlement and small-scale farming areas in the country. Tb date it is operating nine schemes or projects spread over five provinces of Zimbabwe. Over the years the smallholder dairy sector in Zimbabwe has grown to a membership of 2000, out of which 800 members produce and sell milk (Tables 1 and 2). The number of productive farmers has grown over the years. The project has also generated cooperation among farmers through the creation of association structures responsible for running the affairs of the members. The intention of the DDP is to eventually hand over all projects to these associations. One project has already been handed over to the farmers through the association. Characterisation of the cattle industry There were 106,000 dairy Lattle in Zimbabwe in 1980; the national herd had increased to 122,000 by the 1988/89 season. The predominant breed of cattle in the smallholder sector is the small, hardy Sanga type. The strains include the Mashona, Nkone and Tuli breeds, which, although renowned for their fecundity, are poor in milk production. Milk production levels of
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
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Research on smallholder dairy produ
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are a small number of productive an
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establishing a time frame sufficien
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secondary data analyses. In each ar
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facilitate greater orientation to f
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References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
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Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
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country relies on the development o
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To estimate the productivity of int
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S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
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Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
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igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
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References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
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* train a number of Kenyans for hig
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Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
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Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
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Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
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Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
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The project staff are closely invol
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Dairy goat research and extension a
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Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
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Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
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Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
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Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
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the establishment of good managemen
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Technologies introduced in the farm
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circumvent this problem the "Open N
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Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
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Research methodology Project implem
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government centre between 1935 and
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emphasis to improvements in the mil
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Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
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Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
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government institutions as research
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Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110: ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111 and 112: ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114: Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
Page 115 and 116: experiences so far gained and futur
Page 117 and 118: acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120: Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124: Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126: Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
Page 127 and 128: Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
Page 129 and 130: Objectives ofte research programme
Page 131 and 132: aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
Page 133 and 134: ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
Page 135 and 136: Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 137 and 138: Factors affecting the development a
Page 139 and 140: Most roads in the rural areas where
Page 141 and 142: well-focused dairy development prog
Page 143 and 144: Secure better bargaining position w
Page 145 and 146: purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148: part of the country. The cattle pop
Page 149 and 150: " to increase farm-family income of
Page 151 and 152: Recent developments in the dairy in
Page 153 and 154: Dairy development programme in Tang
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
Page 157 and 158: Table 5. Napier production on-farm
Page 159: facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 163 and 164: various types of cattle under rural
Page 165 and 166: 38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
Page 167 and 168: labour to meet the requirements of
Page 169 and 170: Development of smallholder dairying
Page 171 and 172: Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
Page 173 and 174: Marketing options for livestock pro
Page 175 and 176: argaed that the only way to improve
Page 177 and 178: Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
Page 179 and 180: Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
Page 181 and 182: Group ranch concept and practice ir
Page 183 and 184: the land, reducing the capacity of
Page 185 and 186: Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
Page 187 and 188: upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
Page 189 and 190: the project in 1982. Infrastructura
Page 191 and 192: If all the ranches were subdivided
Page 193 and 194: This can be achieved through an ext
Page 195 and 196: Introduction of dairy cattle produc
Page 197 and 198: " a permanent water source should b
Page 199 and 200: Development of feeding strategies a
Page 201 and 202: Supplementation improved milk yield
Page 203 and 204: Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
Page 205 and 206: Summary Wool and mohair production
Page 207 and 208: contributed to low fecundity was th
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qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
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Synthesis of constraints to livesto
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i'nd appropriateness of the technol
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" Realising the magnitude of the pr
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DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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