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application due to the potential existence of other tick-borne diseases, although it allows considerable relaxation of acaricide use. In addition, the use of live parasites in the vaccine poses some safety drawbacks for larg6-scale immunisation purposes. This is compounded by uncertainty about the spectrum of different species, strains and antigenic types of iheileria parasites in different a-:as, vsriatior in the sensitivity of different parasite isolates to therapeutic drugs and the developmeht of a potentially infective carrier state in immunised animals. Furthermore, the application of the infection and treatment vaccine requires a liquid nitrogen system for cold storage and transportation and during the pilot application stage, an extended monitoring period post-immunisation to detect and treat any breakthrough :nfections. Both these aspects currently constitute high cost items in the delivery of the vaccine, Research at the Internatienal Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD) based in Kenya is continuing to further improve the safety and effectiveness of the infection and treatment vaccine and to develop genetically engineered safer vaccines that will avoid most of these drawbacks. In addition, ILRAD's socioeconomics programme is conducting studies in several countries in the region to assess the epidemiological, economic, social and environmental impact of the method. These studies are aimed at generating further information that will be useful for the planning and implementation of widespread application of the method. Policy issues The current methods of ECF control are clearly beset with numerous limitations and are evidently inadequate and unsustainable. Pros- References Berkvens D, Geysen D M and Lynen G M. 1989. East Coast raver immunization in the Eastern Province of Zambia. In: Dolan T T (ed), Theileriosis in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. ILRAD (International Laboratory for Research on Animal Disease), Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 83-86. Brown C G D. 1985. Immunization against East Coast fever: Progress towards a vaccine. In: IrvinAD (ed), Immunization againsttheileriosisin Africa. ILRAD (International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases), Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 90-96. Callow L L. 1983. Ticks and tick-borne dis .ses as a barrier to the introduction of exotic cattle to the tropics. Anoims.ln: Prouc In: Tickhe and and Hthk-borne tick.borne diseases. FAO P eapeFAO Animal Production and Health Paper 36. FAO (Food and Agricuiture Organization of the United Nations), Rome, Italy. pp. 48-53. Cunninghato M P. 1977. Immunization of cattle against Theileri, parva. In: Henson H B and Campbell M. (eds), Tileriosis: report of a workshop held in Nairobi, Kenya, 7-9 Decemler 1976. IDRC (International Development Research Centre), Ottawa, Canada. 112 pr. de Haan C and Nissen N J. 1985. Anir,wl health services in iub-SaharanAfrica: Alternative approaches. 111 pects for developing new, safer, cheaper and more effective methods based upon iinmunisation are very promising. However, before a change in control strategy is adopted, certain policy issues must also be addressed if the new cc L.rol strategies are to be sustainable. The decision for such change in the control strategy is often political. Politicians and government policy makers will therefore need to be convinced of not only the technical and economic feasibility of immunisation but also of its social, institutional and environmental soundness. Policy issues regarding the production, delivery and financing of immunisation by the infection and treatment method would have to be addressed. For instance, how the production and delivery will be organised. Critical attention must be given to resource issues: what facilities, equipment, materials and manpower will be needed; where, when and how will they be procured and maintained; what institutions (national, regional and international) will be involved; what infrastructure (e.g. markets and extension) will need to be provided; who will pay what cost; and what will be the role of the public and private sectors. The control of other tickborne diseases, other infections End constraints that will confound the control of ECF also needs to be considered. These and other questions require careful analysis if the benefits of ECF control by immunisation are to be maximised and their potential deleterious effects minimised. Differences in livestock production systems and animal disease control strategies mean that individual countries will need to assess their own policy options to determine approaches compatible with optimal and sustainable application of new control strategies. World Bank Technical Paper 44. World Bank, Washington, DC, USA. 83 pp. de Leeuw P N and Pasha I Ole. 1988. The cost of tick controlin Maosaiherdsin eastern Kajiado District, Kenya. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), unpublished, Nairobi, Kenya. 10 pp. Dolan T T. 1989. Theileriosis : a comprehensive review. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Eptz. 8:11-36. Hooke F G. 1981. Commercial considerations for the development of an antitheileria product. In: Irvin, A D, Cunningham P M and Young A S (eds), Advances in the control of theileriosis. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands pp. 177-185. JulIa II. 1985. Theileriosis in Southern Sudan. In: Irvin, A D (ed), Immunization against Theileriosis in Africa. ILRAD (International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases), Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 27-30. Keating M 1. 1987. Dioxathion (Delnav) Residues in milk iin Kenya. TropicalAnimal Health and Production 1'):147- 152. Kiltz 11H. 1985. Theileriosis in Burundi. In: Irvin, A D (ed), Immunization against Theileriosis in Africa. ILRAD (International Laboratory for Research on An:.,al Diseases), Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 12-15.
Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981. Economics of theileriosis control: appraisal and future perspectives. In: Irvin, A D, Cunningham, M P and Young A S (eds), Advances in the control of Theileriosis. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague, The Netherlands. pp. 419-422. Lawrence -1A. 1992. The history ofbovine theileriosis in southen, Africa. In : Norval 1 AI, Perry B D and Young A S (eds), The epidemiolcgy of Theileriosisin Africa. Academic Press, London, UK. Miller L H, P'no J A and McKelvey J J Jr. 1977. Immunity to bli)d parasites of animals and man. Plenum Press, NewYork, USA. pp. 132. Moll G, Lohding A and Young A S. 1984. Epidemiology of theileriosis in the 'rans-Mara Division, Kenya. Husbandry ar.d disease background and preliminary observation on theileriosis in calves. Preventive VeterinaryMedicine 2:801-831. Morzaria S P, Irvin AD, Taracha E and Spooner PR. 1985. East Coast fever immunization trials in the Coast Province of Kenya. In: Irvin A D (ed), Immunization againsttheileriosiRseAfrica.ILRAD(Insernatonal Labatory or Research on Animal Diseases), Nairobi, Ienya. pp. 76-78. YorzariaPlAn AD,Wathanga J,D'Souza D,Ktende J, Young A S, Sco.t J and Gettinby G. 1988. The effect of Eaet Coast Fever immunization and different acaricidal treatments on the productivity of beef cattle. Veterinary Record 123:313-320. Mukhc.bi A W, Wathanga J, Perry B D, Irvin A D and Morzaria S P. 1989. Financial analysis ofEast Coast fever control strategies on beef production under farm conditions. 1eterinaryRecord 125:456-459. Mukhebi A W, Morzaria S P, Perry B D, Dolan T T and Norval R A I. 1990. Cost analysis of immunization for East Coast fever by the infection and tr-atment method. Preventive eterinary Medicine 9:207-219. Mukhebi AW Perry B D and Krusks R. 1992. Estimated economics oftheilerioais controlin Afica.Preventive VeterinaryMedicine 12:73-85. Musisi F L QuirugaJ C Ngulube 3 and Kanhai G K. 1989. An East Coast fever immunization field trial at Kasoba, Malawi. In : Dolan T T, (ed), Theileriosisin Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. ILRAD (International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases), Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 71-76. Mutugi J J, Young A S, Maritim A C, Ndungu S G, Stagg D A Grootenhuis, J G and Letich B L. 1988. Immunization of cattle against theileriosis using varying doses of Theileriaparva lawrencei and T parva parva sporzoites and oxytetracycline 112 teatments. InternationalJournalfor Parasitology 18(4):453-461. Mutugi J J,Young AS, Lampard D, Ndungu S G, Ngumi P N, Mining S K, Maritim A C, Kariuki D P, Awich J R and Kwena A. 1989. Immunization of cattle against East Coast fever in the Coast Province of Kenya: Pile immunization trials cin govenment farma. In: DolanT T (ed), Thcileriocis in Eastern, CentralandSouthernAfrica. ILRAD (Inter n'ational Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases), Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 39-45. Norval R AT, Sutherst R W,Kurki 1,Gibson J D and Kerr J D. 1988. The effect of the brown-ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus on the growth of Sanga and European breed cattle. Veterinary Parasitology30:149-164A. Norval R A I, Perry B D and Young A S. 1992. The epidemiology of theileriosis in Africa. Academic Prss, London, UK. Pegram R G,Lemche J, Chizyuka H G B, Sutherst R W, Floyd R B, Kerr J D and McCosker P J. 1989. Effect of tick control on lightweight gain of cattle in Central Zambia. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 3:313--320. Perry B D, Mukhebi AN, Norval R A I and Barrett J C. 1990. A p, elbninaqy assessment of current a.d alternative lich and tick-borne disease control strategies inZimbabwe. Report to the Dirfntor of Veterinary Services, Zimbabwe. 41 pp. Radley D E. 1981. Infection and treatment method of immunization against theileriosis. In : Irvin A D, Cunningham M P, and Young A S (ads), Advances in the control of theileriosis. Martinus Nijholf Publishers, The Hagite, The Netherlands. pp. 227 237. Robson J, Pedersen V,Odeke G M, Kamya E P and Brown C G D. 1977. East Coast fever trials in Uganda : Field exposure of zebu cattle immunized with 3 isolates of Theileriaparva."'ropicalAnimal Health andProduction9:219-231. Staak C. 1981. Surmmary of a discussion on tick-borne diseases. In : Huhn. J E (ed), Impact of animal diseaseresearchand controlon livestock proWluction in Africa. German Foundation for International Development, Berlin, West Germany. 195 pp. Young A S, Groocock C M and Kariuki D P. 1988. Integrated control of ticks and tick-borne diseases of cattle in Africa. Parasitology96:403-432. Young AS, Kariuki F)11,Mutugi J J, Heath D L and Long R C. 1990. Economic losses in cattle due to tick control and effects oftick-borne diseases on selected farms in Nakuru Distrikt, Kenya. Preventive VeterinaryMedicine (in press).
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
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Research on smallholder dairy produ
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are a small number of productive an
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establishing a time frame sufficien
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secondary data analyses. In each ar
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facilitate greater orientation to f
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References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
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Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
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country relies on the development o
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To estimate the productivity of int
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S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
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Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
Page 61 and 62: igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
Page 63 and 64: References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
Page 65 and 66: * train a number of Kenyans for hig
Page 67 and 68: Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
Page 69 and 70: Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
Page 71 and 72: Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
Page 73 and 74: Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
Page 75 and 76: The project staff are closely invol
Page 77 and 78: Dairy goat research and extension a
Page 79 and 80: Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
Page 81 and 82: Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
Page 83 and 84: Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
Page 85 and 86: Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88: the establishment of good managemen
Page 89 and 90: Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 91 and 92: circumvent this problem the "Open N
Page 93 and 94: Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96: Research methodology Project implem
Page 97 and 98: government centre between 1935 and
Page 99 and 100: emphasis to improvements in the mil
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
Page 103 and 104: Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
Page 105 and 106: government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108: Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110: ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111: ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 115 and 116: experiences so far gained and futur
Page 117 and 118: acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120: Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124: Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126: Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
Page 127 and 128: Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
Page 129 and 130: Objectives ofte research programme
Page 131 and 132: aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
Page 133 and 134: ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
Page 135 and 136: Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 137 and 138: Factors affecting the development a
Page 139 and 140: Most roads in the rural areas where
Page 141 and 142: well-focused dairy development prog
Page 143 and 144: Secure better bargaining position w
Page 145 and 146: purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148: part of the country. The cattle pop
Page 149 and 150: " to increase farm-family income of
Page 151 and 152: Recent developments in the dairy in
Page 153 and 154: Dairy development programme in Tang
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
Page 157 and 158: Table 5. Napier production on-farm
Page 159 and 160: facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 161 and 162: Smallholder dairy development progr
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various types of cattle under rural
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38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
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labour to meet the requirements of
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Development of smallholder dairying
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Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
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Marketing options for livestock pro
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argaed that the only way to improve
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Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
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Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
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Group ranch concept and practice ir
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the land, reducing the capacity of
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Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
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upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
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the project in 1982. Infrastructura
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If all the ranches were subdivided
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This can be achieved through an ext
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Introduction of dairy cattle produc
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" a permanent water source should b
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Development of feeding strategies a
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Supplementation improved milk yield
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Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
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Summary Wool and mohair production
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contributed to low fecundity was th
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established with the following obje
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qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
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Synthesis of constraints to livesto
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i'nd appropriateness of the technol
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" Realising the magnitude of the pr
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DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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