aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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Table 1. Distribution of registered and incorporated group ranches in Kenya. District Province District area km 2 Rift Valley Kajlado 20,963 Narok 18,513 Sarnburu 20,809 Laikipia 9,718 Baringo 10,627 West Pokot 5,076 Nyanza South Nyanza 5,714 Eastern Embu 2,714 Kitul 29,389 Coast Taita 16,959 Kwalo 8,257 Kilifi 12,414 Total Source: Kenya Government (1905; 1990). 1670 km 2 in ecological zone II, III and IV receive more than the 500 mm of annual rainfall which can support rainfed agriculture. It is estimated that about 1,989,200 ha (90% of the district) is under natural forage and is used for extensive livestock production in group and individual ranches. This area supports 70% of the human population estimated at 224,560 people, nearly all the wildlife in the district and an estimated 513,633 stock units. There are 51 group ranches and over 375 individual ranches (Kajiado District, 1988). The group ranches occupy 1,520,917 ha (68.8%) of the grazing land and individual ranches occupy 468,283 ha (21.20%) ofthe grazing land area. Poka Group Ranch established in 1965 in the Kaputiei secticn of Kajiado District was the first group ranch in Kejiya. It was established on an experimental basis using government funds and developmental loans were extended to poor members to purchase breeding animals, Following the enactment of the Land Group Representative Act (1968) which provided the legal status for group land ownership, 14 new group ranches bcoides Poka were established between 1967 and 1970 in Kaputiei section. Planners favoured Kaputiei for group ranches development on the basis that it offered better prospects for social development and it was organisationally sound (IBRD, 1968). Under KLDP (Phase 1) 108 ranches were developed in Kenya, 15 group ranches and 41 individual ranches in Kajiado, 42 commercial ranches in Laikipia, Nakuru and Machakos districts and 10 company ranches in the Coast Province. What became clear was that it was comparatively easier to finance individual ranches than group ranches. Implementation of KLDP (Phase II) was riddled with many problems particularly in the 192 Area Number of under grou % of ranches ranches km district 51 15210 72.5 33 5420 2.9 27 3330 1.6 11 540 0.6 3 420 0.4 4 540 1.1 6 160 0.3 2 151 0.1 5 200 0.1 5 320 0.2 6 2930 3.6 6 1040 0.8 159 30,261 period following the 1973-76 drought. Group ranchers moved out from their ranches in search of pasures and water. Developments in most ranches came to a standstill and proposed innovations were shelved. The 1976 group ranch review mission red aced the intended number of group ranches from 60 to 29. A total of 27 group ranches had been financed at the end of the project in December 1982. Throughout this period, the ranchers, planners, financiers and politicians were not happy with various developments in the group ranches and the idea ofsubdivision ofthe group ranches began to gain wide acceptance and momentum. The ecology and climate of Kajiado favoured the current major economic land use, i.e. beef production enterprise and meat production from small stock (sheep and goats). Livestock industry is the economic backbone in the district and supports the entire pastoral community. It provides more than KSh 10 million per year (Kajiado District, 1988). The 1988 livestock census in the district indicated that thcre was a total of 515,633 stock units (SU) at 4 ha/SU compared with the recommendel 331,537 SU (73.2%) while the small stock shcep and goats) contributedl20,800 SU (23.4%) and donkeys 17,309 SU (3.4%) of the total livestock population. Th, district was overstocked by over 184,000 SU. Cattle The small East African Shorthorn Zebu, the dominant breed in Kajiado, is continuously being upgraded with the dual-purpose Sahiwal breed and also with improved Boran in an attempt to increase milk and beef production. Approximately 45% of the district's cattle herd is
upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiado District, 1988). Small proportions of exotic cattle breeds such as the Simmental, Santa Getrudis, Friesian, Guernsey and Aryshire can be found in ranches with good cfbcilities. Milk requirements for calves and for human consumption demand that ranchers maintain a high component of breeding females in the cattle herd to ensure the necessary flexibility required to provide adequate milk throughout the year. The high proportion of breeding animals (43% cows and 17% heife -) maintained in the district ensure that a sufficient number of cows will be in milk at any one time to provide for the calves and for domestic use. The breeding cows also ensure rapid livestock build-up following heavy losses after a drought period. The results the of the census bull/cow indicated that e ratio d rCommission was 1:30 against the recommended ratio of 1:25, calving rote was 65% and the culling rate was 15% with an adult mortality of 5% compared with calf mortality of extra 10%. bulls The implication which can be here culled is that for slaughter. there are no There are about 10 important diseases recorded in Kajiado with East Coast fever (ECF), a tick borne disease, being the most prevalent, Other diseases include foot-and-mouth disease, blackquarter, anthrax, haemonchus, malignant catarrhal fever, anaplasmosis and foot rot during the rains. Tick control through dipping or spraying with acricides is an expensive operation and most ranchers cannot meet the required standards. The problem is compounded by continuous contact between livestock and wildlife which increases t:. need for dipping livestock to a rate of at least twice a week. Sheep and goats Small stock (sheep and goats) form an important economic component in the livestock industry for most pastoral tribes including the Maasai. In Kajiado, the Red Maasai sheep, the Black- Headed important Persian types. and The the 1988 Dorper census are indicated the most impotanthereywere there were abouT about half a million he cn head ad sh o8 of sheep indein Kajiado which constituted 62,555 SU. Ewes in the floc constituted3% with555amEwesraio the flock constituted 53% with of 1:11 a compared ram/ewe with ratio the recommended 1:50. The Galla goat and small East African goat are the major goat breeds in the district which has a goat poruiaiion of 466,506 (1988 census) which constitutes 57,317 SU. The census revealed a buck/doe ratio of 1:13 against the 1:50 recommended ratio. It is apparent that there are higher sheep numbers than goats. higher This off-take is due of to goats compared with sheep. The lambing and kidding rates are estimated at 110% with a cullng rate of 15%, adult mortality of 4% and kid mortality rate of 6%. The mortality rate for small stock is attributed to many factors, e.g. physical injury, hydatidosis, foot rot, heartwater, hepatitis, 193 starvation, pneumonia, plant poisoning, predation, pasteurellosis, CPP, enterotoxemia etc. Other livestock types Other types of livestock in the district include donkeys, camels, pigs, hens, rabbits and bees. Donkeys are essentially beasts of burden used mainly by women for drawing water, for shopping and for moving purposes. There is a general feeling that the number of donkeys in Kajiado district are more than those required for domestic purposes. Livestock marketing in Kajiado Livestock marketing in Kajiado District is not well organised. There are three principal cattle routes through various holdings to the three main market outlets, (KMC) namely Emali, and Dagoretti. Kenya Meat Dagoretti and KMC have slaughter houses and act as terminal stations for live animals while Emali handles Machakos animals and even on KMC. transit Cattle, to especially Mombasa, the small East African Zebu, are the main animals in the market. Producers generally sell castrates followed by males with females being the least evident in the market. Immature steers are traded only under exceptional conditions. Boran and Sahiwal crosses are rare indicating that these breeds form an insignificant part ofMaasai herds. There is no organised market for small stock (sheep and goats) although these number nearly a million in thu district. The butchers and the livestock traders reap the highest benefits at the expense of tbe producers who in most cases are not well informed about the prevailing market prices. Price information would lead to higher sales of even small stock and to an most incrensed classes off-take of livestock. for The producers would benefit leaving land pasturrs with fewer animals. There is a crucial need for collecting and disseminating dismntglveocmaktnortont livestock market information to be all organising participants. markets A possible on an starting auction point basis would with b raiigmreso nacinbsswt dates advertised in advance. This would require close collaboration Department, local between governmet, the traders Veterinary and the producers. A newrletter coordinated through extension services would help solve some ofthese problems. Other markets for small stock need to be established to keep numbers (particularly of sheep) in balance with forage supply. Possibly livestock traders or producer families can be organised and encouraged to form imall co-operative societies which specialise in the small stock business. Ultimately a network of livestock auction stations can be developed at strategic stations throughout the district. This would reduce the heavy animal losses experienced during the long trek to the market.
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
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Research on smallholder dairy produ
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are a small number of productive an
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establishing a time frame sufficien
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secondary data analyses. In each ar
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facilitate greater orientation to f
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References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
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Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
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country relies on the development o
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To estimate the productivity of int
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S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
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Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
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igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
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References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
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* train a number of Kenyans for hig
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Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
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Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
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Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
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Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
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The project staff are closely invol
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Dairy goat research and extension a
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Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
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Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
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Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
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Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
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the establishment of good managemen
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Technologies introduced in the farm
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circumvent this problem the "Open N
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Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
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Research methodology Project implem
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government centre between 1935 and
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emphasis to improvements in the mil
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Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
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Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
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government institutions as research
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Disease control approaches
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ditions occur mostly in calves and
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ments to maintain dipping infrastru
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Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
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experiences so far gained and futur
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acceptance s very high and the work
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Sustainable control methods for tic
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Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
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Summary New vaccine strategies agai
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Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
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Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
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Objectives ofte research programme
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aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
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ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
Page 135 and 136: Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 137 and 138: Factors affecting the development a
Page 139 and 140: Most roads in the rural areas where
Page 141 and 142: well-focused dairy development prog
Page 143 and 144: Secure better bargaining position w
Page 145 and 146: purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148: part of the country. The cattle pop
Page 149 and 150: " to increase farm-family income of
Page 151 and 152: Recent developments in the dairy in
Page 153 and 154: Dairy development programme in Tang
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
Page 157 and 158: Table 5. Napier production on-farm
Page 159 and 160: facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 161 and 162: Smallholder dairy development progr
Page 163 and 164: various types of cattle under rural
Page 165 and 166: 38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
Page 167 and 168: labour to meet the requirements of
Page 169 and 170: Development of smallholder dairying
Page 171 and 172: Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
Page 173 and 174: Marketing options for livestock pro
Page 175 and 176: argaed that the only way to improve
Page 177 and 178: Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
Page 179 and 180: Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
Page 181 and 182: Group ranch concept and practice ir
Page 183 and 184: the land, reducing the capacity of
Page 185: Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
Page 189 and 190: the project in 1982. Infrastructura
Page 191 and 192: If all the ranches were subdivided
Page 193 and 194: This can be achieved through an ext
Page 195 and 196: Introduction of dairy cattle produc
Page 197 and 198: " a permanent water source should b
Page 199 and 200: Development of feeding strategies a
Page 201 and 202: Supplementation improved milk yield
Page 203 and 204: Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
Page 205 and 206: Summary Wool and mohair production
Page 207 and 208: contributed to low fecundity was th
Page 209 and 210: established with the following obje
Page 211 and 212: qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
Page 213 and 214: Synthesis of constraints to livesto
Page 215 and 216: i'nd appropriateness of the technol
Page 217 and 218: " Realising the magnitude of the pr
Page 219 and 220: DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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