aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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Lablab fodder legume has adapted quite well in the small farm conditions. It is drought tolerant, easy to manage, has grazing potential and yields quite reasonable amounts of dry matter (average of about 2.55 t/ha per farmer). The target group used in this project seems to be suitable. However, constraints such as sufficient labour for harvesting and conserving the feed 'till need to be addressed. The on-farm milk production results are comparable with those found on-station (APRU, 1988), but the lablab yields have been higher on-station than on-farm (5.36 ton/ha against 2.55 ton/ha). It is thought that this difference was due to planting at the correct time on-station while usually farmers tended to plant legume fodder after planting their crops. Availability ofcapital investment for adoption of the technologies does not seem to be a serious problem. There are various programmes within the Ministry of Agriculture that can provide funds to groups and individuals to construct dips and handling facilities (e.g. Arable Development Programme (ALDEP) and services to livestock owners in the communal areas (SLOCA)). Inputs like drugs are available in government-run livestock advisory centres. With the sale of milk, it is hoped that farmers will in time afford to purchase drugs. Although farmers are expecoed to produce the bulk of their feed requirements, feeds can also be purchased from LAC and othvr private companies, A financial assessment of the prospect for small-scale dairy farming was carried out on the assumption that costs would be met by farmers. As it appeared that the labour shortage would prevent plementary farmers fodder from required producing by the improved all sup packaetas terereued that ampcei package, it was therefore assumed that a certain proportion of the fodder would be purchased thus increasing the costs of the improved system (APRU, 1989). Therefore the production strategy is now aimed at reducing the costs associated with an improved system in order to increase the net benefit. Socially the project has benefited the farmers by providing surplus milk which is sold to earn income. Some farmers have managed to purchase knapsack sprayers and acaricides with the money realised from surplus milk sales. Because of those spin-offs from milk sales it is also planned that the project should commence a socio-economic monitoring and evaluation. A marketing strategy is being developed, involving the establishment of milk collection centres to be equipped with cooling and storage facilities. A survey on marketing and the consumption of fresh and sour milk was conducted to identify marketing constraints. In this survey over 60% ofthe farmers sold some of their milk either fresh or soured. The quantities sold were dependent on the amount of milk left after daily family requirements had been met (APRU, 1988). It is not easy to quantify the adoption rate. However, out of the 46 farmers participating in the project, six other farmers have been provided with lablab seed to plant on up to one hectare of land. Also several farmers, both small-scale and medium-scale, have been enquiring about Simmental cows and establishment of lablab fodder. In one area where the construction work for a milk collection centre is complete, 20 farmers have formed into a milk marketing group. This includes 12 participating and eight non-project farmers. Focus has been limited to the 46 farmers and the other six farmers around Gabo-one. Expansion is awaiting the development of an extension package. The project has been successful in both postgraduate and short courses training. Two scientists obtained MSc degrees from the University of Guelph while one scientist is just about to complete a PhD degree in Canada. Six project staff attended different specialised short coursc in dairy related fields. Impacts of the research programme To assess whether the programme has changed or influenced production is not easy, this requires a step by step analysis of measurable and tangible changes. This paper will only highlight some areas whpre it is felt there has been some changes main]- tiue to the project. Besides the collaborating farmers who have benefited directly, the results of the project have provided a framework for future development programmes in milk and beef production in the per-urban areas ofthe country. This information from the project has been used in outlining the National Development Plan. Although Botswana probably does not have a comparative advantage in milk production, the government's dairy development policy encourages this sector. This is evident from the assistance the government is providing to farmers through the Financial Assistance Policy (FAP) and the Dairy Industry Special Fund. The new government agricultural policy gives considerable aUtention to the cost of producing agricultural products. The overall policy is to provide sufficient income-generating opportunities to raise household incomes and imp, ve access to food. The low performance of the dairy subsector during the past NDP 6 was attributed largely to the lack oftechnical expertise within the farming commuaity and the lack of organised marketing infrastructure necessary to run a viable dairy enterprise. During the NDP 7 (Ministry of Finance and Development Planning, 1991), the government therefore sought to give more
emphasis to improvements in the milk marketing system and infrastructure and to further develop and disseminate dairy production technology. To this end, the government has allocated funds to be used mainly for developing the pilot mi ,c collection centres and marketing systems in four project areas. With rnore emphasis by government on improving the daisy industry, the dairy research programme needs to further develop, costeffective packages that covid be used by smallholders to increase produ:tion. The dairy development research project will mainly focus on the development of an efflicient marketing References system to stimulate dairy production in the periurban areas. Special attention will also be given to farmer training. The general objective of the future dairy deve dvlopment research is to increase milk production at minimal costs and to develop small-scale processing technologies and marketing systems for milk and milk products in the rural areas. To achieve this objective, both on-station and on-farm research will be carried out. On-station work will be necessary 'o re-address the areas identified as problem areas and to further refine some technologies to be tested on-farm. APRU (Animal Producti)n Research Unit). 1979. Agriculture. Goverr.ment Printer, Gaborone, Livestoc.i andrange researchin Botswana. Botswana. Annual Report 1979. Government Printer, Gablrone, Boitumelo W S, Mahabile W and Madibela 0 R. 1991. Botswana. Potentialof crop residues as a feed resource for APRU (Animal Production Research Unit). 1982. smal:-scale milk production: Dairy research Livestock and range research in Botawana. Annual experiences. A paper presented a. Livestock Report 1981-82. Government Printer, Gaborone, Production Workshop, October 1991, Gaborone, Botswana. Botswana. (In press). APRU (Anima? Production Research Unit). 1984. DPR 1988 Dairy/beef production systems. Final report, Livestock and range research in Botawana. Annual Phase 1 1988. Government Printer, Gaborone, Report 1983-84. Government Printer, Gaborone, Boswana. 3otswana. DPR 1989 Dairy/beef production systems.Annualreports APRU (Animal Production Livetoc reearh andrane Research inBotwana Unit). AnualBotswana. 1986. 1.85-89. Government Printer, Gaborone, Livestock and range research in Botswana. Annual DPR 1987 Dairy/beef production systems. Annual Report Report 1986. Government Printer, Gaborone, 1986-87. Government Printer, Gaborone, Botswana. Botswana. APRU (Animal Production Research Unit). 1988. Ministry Livestock and range research of agriculture. in Botswana. Annual 't.86. report. Agricultural Division of Planning and statistics Statistics. Ministry Report 1988. Government Printer, Gaborone, of Agriculture, Gaberone, Botswana. Botswana. 1985. National Development Plan NDP 6. 1985-91. APRU. 1989. Livestack and range research in Botswana. Ministry of Finance and Development Planning. Annual Report 1989. Government Printer, Government Printer, Gaborone, Botswana. Gaborone, Eotswana. 1991. National Development Plan NDP 7. 1991-97. Animal Production Division. 1989. Annual Report. Ministry of Finance and Development Planning. Division of Animal Production, Ministry of Government Printer, Gaborone. 95
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
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Research on smallholder dairy produ
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are a small number of productive an
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establishing a time frame sufficien
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secondary data analyses. In each ar
Page 47 and 48: facilitate greater orientation to f
Page 49 and 50: References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
Page 51 and 52: Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
Page 53 and 54: country relies on the development o
Page 55 and 56: To estimate the productivity of int
Page 57 and 58: S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
Page 59 and 60: Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
Page 61 and 62: igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
Page 63 and 64: References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
Page 65 and 66: * train a number of Kenyans for hig
Page 67 and 68: Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
Page 69 and 70: Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
Page 71 and 72: Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
Page 73 and 74: Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
Page 75 and 76: The project staff are closely invol
Page 77 and 78: Dairy goat research and extension a
Page 79 and 80: Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
Page 81 and 82: Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
Page 83 and 84: Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
Page 85 and 86: Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88: the establishment of good managemen
Page 89 and 90: Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 91 and 92: circumvent this problem the "Open N
Page 93 and 94: Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96: Research methodology Project implem
Page 97: government centre between 1935 and
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
Page 103 and 104: Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
Page 105 and 106: government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108: Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110: ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111 and 112: ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114: Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
Page 115 and 116: experiences so far gained and futur
Page 117 and 118: acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120: Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124: Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126: Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
Page 127 and 128: Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
Page 129 and 130: Objectives ofte research programme
Page 131 and 132: aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
Page 133 and 134: ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
Page 135 and 136: Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 137 and 138: Factors affecting the development a
Page 139 and 140: Most roads in the rural areas where
Page 141 and 142: well-focused dairy development prog
Page 143 and 144: Secure better bargaining position w
Page 145 and 146: purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148: part of the country. The cattle pop
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" to increase farm-family income of
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Recent developments in the dairy in
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Dairy development programme in Tang
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Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
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Table 5. Napier production on-farm
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facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
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Smallholder dairy development progr
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various types of cattle under rural
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38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
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labour to meet the requirements of
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Development of smallholder dairying
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Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
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Marketing options for livestock pro
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argaed that the only way to improve
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Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
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Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
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Group ranch concept and practice ir
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the land, reducing the capacity of
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Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
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upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
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the project in 1982. Infrastructura
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If all the ranches were subdivided
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This can be achieved through an ext
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Introduction of dairy cattle produc
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" a permanent water source should b
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Development of feeding strategies a
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Supplementation improved milk yield
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Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
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Summary Wool and mohair production
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contributed to low fecundity was th
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established with the following obje
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qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
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Synthesis of constraints to livesto
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i'nd appropriateness of the technol
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" Realising the magnitude of the pr
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DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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