aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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District. This includes 17 improved cows, two bulls, 11 female calves, seven male calves, 11 riult zebu cows, and 7 Fl zebu cross calves, Bull services As the Project also aimed at upgrading zebu cows and back-crossing the crossbred animals, it was necessary to have in place either artificial insemination (A) or bull services. The AI service was not viewed as a practical proposition. Some alternative ideas were therefore reviewed by the team: " An individual or a group ofindividuals should buy a bull collectively to service t.heir cows. Fees foe servicing the cows of individuals would be decided by the bull owners. The money generated would help the farmer(s) maintain the bull, " The Project would purchase the bulls and supply them to selected farmers in the project, area with the proviso that the farmer(s) would keep the bull for a certain period, for example three to fo~ur years after which he would be allowed to own it. During this period, the bull would provide services free of charge. * Establish bull centres which would avail the bul!s to the farmers when required. However, it was found that management of these centres could prove difficult, " Conduct artificial insemination (Al) services, As most villages in the closed areas are situated in remote places where transport is problematic, Al was not considered a viable proposition, The idea of individuals to siare the .Lstof purchasing the bulls was considered to be the most appropriate approach. Initiully, three groups of farmers shared the costs of purchasing three improved bulls from LPRI, Mpwapwa. The bull's breed mix was about 34% Bos taurus blood. The research team agreed to assist one progressive farmer in the closed area who had a considerable amount of land and i.cal zebu cows and was prepared to upgrade his herd. Furthermore, the farmer agreed to sell the offspring to interested farmers in the area. As an incentive to the farmer, the Project undertook to provide some technical and financial support. This was regarded as an effecLive means of propagating improved stock and zero-grazing technology in the closed areas. Introduction of improved pastures 'wo plots of improved pastures were established in two villages uider the Project. In each location, different species oflocal and introduced pasture grasses, legumes and browses were planted in replications measuring 20 x 20 m and 2O4 managed by LPRI staff. The plots were utilised for demonstration purposes to create an awareness to the existence of different types of pastures for animal production and their management. The Project also used the ploti as sources of pasture seeds and fodder for farmers. Furthermore, the plots were used for screening forages for adaptability and production. Advisory services The Project implementors considered that as part of the process of the transfer of technology it was important for farmers to be exposed to innovations on-statiun and on-farm. Farmers were given opportunities to invite their fellow farmers from other areas of the district and exchange ideas and experiences. On other occasions, farmers from the closed areas were invited to participate in field days in other parts of the semi-arid zone. These field days have proved to be one of the most successful ways of increasing the confidence of farmers practising zero-grazing technology in the HADO areas. Visits to the LPRI research station reinforced these ideas. In addition, LPRI staff have attempted to conduct frequent seminars, farm visits and meetings with farmer,- in the project area. A staff house for LPRI staff has been constructed in one ofthe five villages to facilitate delivery of advisory service. In view of the nonexistence of delivery services for inputs, Project funds were used to purchase some of the veterinary drugs and equipment. Costs were recovered through the sale of the same to the farmers. Linkages with other departments and policy makers In order to ensure viability and wide acceptance of a project in q rural setting (with linkages to other ministries sad other institutions), the project developeu linkages between HADO project staff, policy makers, faziners and heads of departments within and outside the region. A public awareness campaign on the objectives, implementation and achievements of the project peaked around the field days. These relationshipi have hitherto evolved positively and public awareness on the project is good. On field days, policy makers from the ministries, regional .nd district heads of departments and me<strong>mb</strong>ers of parliament are invited. In addition, seminars involving the regional heads of departments are arranged by LPRI annually with similar aims. Th2 Kondoa District livestock extension office and HADO office in Kondoa offer assistance to LPRI staff in the form of transport, manpower, advicm and equipment whenever required.
Development of feeding strategies and management systems The climate in the study area is semi-arid and therefore water shortage is a constraint in the improvement of livestock production. In the more humid areas of Kilimanjaro region in northern Tanzania where zero-grazing has been practised for a long time, banana pseudo-stenis are used as the main source of water to the stall-fed cattle, sheep and goats. Incidentally, inedible water melons (Citrullus vulgaris)are widely p'anted by agropastoralists in the semi-arid areas of central Tanzania with one hectare producing 5-10 tonnes of water melon fruits (Kusekwa et al, 1991). The, uad of water melons as an alternative sourca of water for cattle has recently been studied (Shayo, 1992). Results showed that the water content in water melon fruit- was 95% and the proportion of the dry seeds in the whole fruit w'as about 2%. Shayo (1992) did not find any significant differences in the daily water intake (P> 0.05) between the two groups ofyoung bulls provided with either drinking water or water melons (Table 1). There was also no significant diff,rence (P> 0.05) in daily hay intake between the two treatments. The animals in both treatments did not show any sigp-s of disease throughout the one-month experimental period, Browse Feed energy and crude protein availability have been identified as the most crucial nutrients in livestock production in the tropics especially in the dry seasons (Wilson and Minson, 1980; Adu and Adamu, 1982; Van Soest, 1982). The nutritive value of the natural pastures and cereal residues during the dry season is below optimum for supporting growth and milk production, therefore supplementation of energy and protein is necessary. However, villages in the Project areas are in remote places and transportation of commercial supplements is dLicult and costly, furthermore, the villagers do not have sufficient incorme to purchase supplements. This raises the need for supplementation using locally available feed resources. While locally produced cereal byproducts and pulses are potential feeds for ruminants, they are fed to non-ruminants and are therefore not available to ruminants. Legumes forage and browse are probably the best alternative supplement for ruminant livestock fed on low quality roughages in these circumstances. Apart from being a source of quality feed, leguminous trees and shrubs have many more qualities that give them a multipurpose value in farming systems; for example they are a good source of firewood and for fixing soil nitrogen. A survey in the study area revealed the existence of common natural trees and shrubs in the closed areas, which may be used as a source offeed and they include: Albizia harveyi; .Albizia patensiana;Delonix elata; Acaric tortilis and other Acacia species, Dichrostachyus glomerata and Brachystegia species. Acacia pods and water melon ieed meal Acacia tortilistrees are widely distributed in the target areas. Their importance in livestock production is in the value of the leaves and pods as feed for ruminant livestock (Gwynne, 1969; Coppock et al, 1987; Tanner et al, 1990). The project made investigations (Shayo, 1992) on acacia pods and water melon seed in reference to chemical composition, yield, digestibility, ammonia-nitrogen (NH2-N) production in the rumen and effects on mi'k yield and composition of Mpwapwa cows. Water melon seeds are a byproduct obtained after feeding the melon fruits to animals as a source of water. Estimates on the yield of Acacia tortilis pod revealed a range from 28 to 206 kg (mean = 93.4 ± 44.2 SD) per tree per season where vs water melon seed production ranged from 30 to 180 kg per ha depending on spacing and rainfall patterns. Chemical composition of different components of Acacia tortilisand Acacia albid,:,pods and water melons as compared to sunflov.r seed cake and Cenchrusciliariqhay is provided in Tables 2 and 3 and their in vitro digestibility and in sacco degradability are shown in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. The data indicates that based on chemical composition cnd in vitro digestibility, acacia pods and s,ed, and water melon seeds Table 1. Daily water and wat, melon intake, and their effect on mature hiy intake by growing bulls.' Teatment Free water (kg) Water melons (fresh) (kg) Intake (kglanlmal/day) Hay Acacla pods Water DM Water DM Water Watermelons SE 14.64 - :t2.73 - 18.36 ±k2.79 0.23 -.1 3.41 3.18 +0.21 0.15 0.15 1.35 1.35 1.None of the treatment differences were statistically significant (P< 0.05). 2. Includes water from the hay and from water melons and acacia pods. 3. DM from wate. melon seeds was not included. 205 Total Water 2 DM 3 15.02 4.76 17.80 5.13 4 2.79 0.20
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
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Research on smallholder dairy produ
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are a small number of productive an
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establishing a time frame sufficien
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secondary data analyses. In each ar
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facilitate greater orientation to f
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References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
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Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
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country relies on the development o
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To estimate the productivity of int
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S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
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Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
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igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
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References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
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* train a number of Kenyans for hig
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Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
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Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
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Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
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Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
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The project staff are closely invol
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Dairy goat research and extension a
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Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
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Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
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Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
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Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
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the establishment of good managemen
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Technologies introduced in the farm
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circumvent this problem the "Open N
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Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
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Research methodology Project implem
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government centre between 1935 and
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emphasis to improvements in the mil
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Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
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Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
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government institutions as research
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Disease control approaches
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ditions occur mostly in calves and
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ments to maintain dipping infrastru
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Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
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experiences so far gained and futur
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acceptance s very high and the work
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Sustainable control methods for tic
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Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
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Summary New vaccine strategies agai
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Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
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Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
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Objectives ofte research programme
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aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
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ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
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Summary Smallholder dairy productio
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Factors affecting the development a
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Most roads in the rural areas where
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well-focused dairy development prog
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Secure better bargaining position w
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purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148: part of the country. The cattle pop
Page 149 and 150: " to increase farm-family income of
Page 151 and 152: Recent developments in the dairy in
Page 153 and 154: Dairy development programme in Tang
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
Page 157 and 158: Table 5. Napier production on-farm
Page 159 and 160: facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 161 and 162: Smallholder dairy development progr
Page 163 and 164: various types of cattle under rural
Page 165 and 166: 38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
Page 167 and 168: labour to meet the requirements of
Page 169 and 170: Development of smallholder dairying
Page 171 and 172: Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
Page 173 and 174: Marketing options for livestock pro
Page 175 and 176: argaed that the only way to improve
Page 177 and 178: Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
Page 179 and 180: Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
Page 181 and 182: Group ranch concept and practice ir
Page 183 and 184: the land, reducing the capacity of
Page 185 and 186: Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
Page 187 and 188: upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
Page 189 and 190: the project in 1982. Infrastructura
Page 191 and 192: If all the ranches were subdivided
Page 193 and 194: This can be achieved through an ext
Page 195 and 196: Introduction of dairy cattle produc
Page 197: " a permanent water source should b
Page 201 and 202: Supplementation improved milk yield
Page 203 and 204: Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
Page 205 and 206: Summary Wool and mohair production
Page 207 and 208: contributed to low fecundity was th
Page 209 and 210: established with the following obje
Page 211 and 212: qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
Page 213 and 214: Synthesis of constraints to livesto
Page 215 and 216: i'nd appropriateness of the technol
Page 217 and 218: " Realising the magnitude of the pr
Page 219 and 220: DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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