aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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Animal health. The workshop noted that livestock diseases are a major constraint to the development and improvement of the livestock industry in the region. Vector-borne diseases, particularly trypanosomiasis (transmitted by tsetse flies) and tick-borne diseases (especially theileriosis and heartwater) seriously limit livestock production in the region. East Coast fever (ECF), a form of theilerio3is caused by the parasite Theileria parva and heartwater were singled out as the most important diseases for eastern and southern Africa, respectively. Trypanosomiasis appeared to be the second most important disease of livestock in the region. Several papers highlighted the limitations and the unsustainability of the current control methods based on the use of acaricides and other chemicals and they reported encouraging research developments in the use of vaccines for the control of ECF and heartwater Breeding. The attributes and weaknesses of exotics and the indigenous animals, purebred crossbreds were reported in the case studies. In order to enable the purebred exotics to exhibit this genetic potential they need an optimum environment (feeding, management, health and climatic conditions) which cannot be attained on small farms. Crossbreeding improves milk production and many countries in the region have e<strong>mb</strong>arked on this. Crossbreds are suitable for smallholders. However, farmers face difficulties in adopting breeding plans for F1 or F2 crosses due to the anticipated segregation. It was also felt that inadequate characterisation of indigenous breeds for disease resistance and suitability to their respective environment has not been fully documented and there exist lost opportunities. In the majority of the case studies it was pointed out that insufficiency of foundation and replacement stock is a major constraint to the development and expansion of the smallholder dairy. Low reproductive rates (low calving rates ind long calving intervals) in the sector is caused by missed heat detection, poor or non-existent artificial insemination (AI) delivery services and brucellosis where bull centres are used. High mortality rates of calves also retards the raising of replacement stock. Skills. While the exotic breeds have a high potential for milk production, they are susceptible to endemic diseases in tie tropics and they need large quantities of feeds on a continuous basis to sustain high milk yields. Therefore frmers need to be trained in disease control, management, feeO production and utilisation. The benefil, ftraining farmers was mentioned in all case st.aes. Socio-economic. A nu<strong>mb</strong>er of issues perceived to be hampering the development of the smallholder dairy industry in the region were raised under this section. These include unfavourable pricing policies, lack ofalternative 222 market opportunities, lack of capital, poor infrastructure, lack of output processing technologies, weak institutional researchextension-farmer linkages and inadequate training at all levels. These issues act as disincentives to farmers. The lack of an interdisciplinary holistic approach to livestock development programmes and projects in the region was also noted. The following are important areas for the future: • iisclusion of socio-economic and environmental impact assessments in livestock development programmes and projects * economic analysis of pricing policies, marketing and processing opportunities in livestock development programmes and projects projec t i • providing options for assisting farmrs to take up dairy and through credit schemes, exchange or in-trust of schemes indigenous stock with improved * evaluation of the possibilities of using alternative institutional mechanisms and the roles of farmers' organisations, governmen.l institutions and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in providing services (advisory, Al etc) and inputs such as feeds and veterinary drugs * strength ning of research-extension-farmer linkages and training and administrative inclination be involved. These institutions were identified to be NARS, NGOs, SACCAR, ILCA, ILRAD, ICRAF, ICRISAT, CIMMYT, lITA etc. Long-term nature of livestock programmes Livestock research and development take time; short-term and erratic financial and technical support cannot therefore be effective in bringing about change; e.g. multiplication of cattle takes a long time due to the long generation interval. Long-term commitment on the part of Afcan governments and donors is essential. Monitoring It was recommended that livestock development programmes and projects should include a monitoring component to assess and evaluate the socio-economic nutrition and environmental impact under the often dynamic circumstances in the region to ensure their sustainability. Programme development The workshop recommended that scientists' efforts in research and extension efforts be pooled together and focus on a targeted programme aimed at solving the above constraints so as to eventually demonstrate some impact. The following prerequisites were considered important for such a programme:
" Realising the magnitude of the problems that constrain livestock production, it was agreed that attention should focus only on the specific constraints that were noted in the workshop. The priority areas are summarised in Figure 1. " Since there is a definite limitation of resources, the workshop agreed to focus attention on a holistic approach aimed at livestock--crop-tree integrated systems with emphasis on solving the problems (identified above) of the smallholder/peri-urban dairy producer. Dairying here refers to both cattle and goats (Figure 1). Implementation strategy The workshop recommended that priority be given to the review, evaluation and application of available technologies in the region and to conducting adaptive and applied research to develop unavailable technologies and also refine the existing ones. It was further recommended that national agricultural research and development institutions (e.g. research institutes, universities, government ministries and NGOs) should strengthen collaboration and, ooperation amongst themselves and between them and the international agricultural research centres (e.g. ILCA, ILRAD, ICRAF and CIMMYT), international development organisations (e.g. FAO and ODA) and regional organisations (SACCAR and PTA) operating in the region. Follow-up action It was recommended that the workshop convener should: . Produce the proceedings of the workshop, including the synthesis and recommendations, and circulate them widely in the region. • Initiate the development of specific programm,-s and projects for the development and improvement of the livestock industry in the eastern and southern Africa region. Figure 1.Prioityareas forfuture rosoanhand development on sna//holdor/pedurban dairy. BREEDING NUTRImON I I - Heat detection Feed production Provision of animals Pnd conservation Al delivery sysem Feed budgeting Calf Bull reaing i Bull sorice Feed packagee MVESTOCKICROP/TREE INTEGRATION I 223 DISEASES ECF and heart water vaccination Integrated tryparneomiaas control SOCIO-ECONOMIC I Socio-economic and environmental analysis Pricing policy Marketing and processing Institutional mechanism Extension and training
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
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Research on smallholder dairy produ
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are a small number of productive an
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establishing a time frame sufficien
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secondary data analyses. In each ar
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facilitate greater orientation to f
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References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
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Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
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country relies on the development o
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To estimate the productivity of int
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S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
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Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
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igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
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References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
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* train a number of Kenyans for hig
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Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
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Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
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Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
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Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
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The project staff are closely invol
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Dairy goat research and extension a
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Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
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Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
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Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
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Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
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the establishment of good managemen
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Technologies introduced in the farm
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circumvent this problem the "Open N
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Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
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Research methodology Project implem
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government centre between 1935 and
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emphasis to improvements in the mil
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Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
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Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
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government institutions as research
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Disease control approaches
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ditions occur mostly in calves and
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ments to maintain dipping infrastru
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Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
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experiences so far gained and futur
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acceptance s very high and the work
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Sustainable control methods for tic
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Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
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Summary New vaccine strategies agai
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Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
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Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
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Objectives ofte research programme
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aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
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ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
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Summary Smallholder dairy productio
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Factors affecting the development a
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Most roads in the rural areas where
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well-focused dairy development prog
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Secure better bargaining position w
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purchase fuel and lubricants in the
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part of the country. The cattle pop
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" to increase farm-family income of
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Recent developments in the dairy in
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Dairy development programme in Tang
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Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
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Table 5. Napier production on-farm
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facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
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Smallholder dairy development progr
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various types of cattle under rural
Page 165 and 166: 38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
Page 167 and 168: labour to meet the requirements of
Page 169 and 170: Development of smallholder dairying
Page 171 and 172: Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
Page 173 and 174: Marketing options for livestock pro
Page 175 and 176: argaed that the only way to improve
Page 177 and 178: Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
Page 179 and 180: Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
Page 181 and 182: Group ranch concept and practice ir
Page 183 and 184: the land, reducing the capacity of
Page 185 and 186: Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
Page 187 and 188: upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
Page 189 and 190: the project in 1982. Infrastructura
Page 191 and 192: If all the ranches were subdivided
Page 193 and 194: This can be achieved through an ext
Page 195 and 196: Introduction of dairy cattle produc
Page 197 and 198: " a permanent water source should b
Page 199 and 200: Development of feeding strategies a
Page 201 and 202: Supplementation improved milk yield
Page 203 and 204: Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
Page 205 and 206: Summary Wool and mohair production
Page 207 and 208: contributed to low fecundity was th
Page 209 and 210: established with the following obje
Page 211 and 212: qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
Page 213 and 214: Synthesis of constraints to livesto
Page 215: i'nd appropriateness of the technol
Page 219 and 220: DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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