aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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shortage of suitable stock and the squeeze on capital. Production data of two projects are summarised in Table 2. Factors affecting the development and expansion of programmes Availability of improved livestock and Al Smallholder farmers were advised to match the number of dairy animals to their management skills, available feed resources and health management skills. The DDP recommended the use of cows with 75% exotic blood. However, these are not readily available in the commerial dairy sector, which prefers to raise pure exotics. Similarly, bulls of the same genetic constitution are scarce in Zimbabwe. Further, the scarcity of suitable stock is compounded by the farmers' practice of communal grazing, which precludes ccntrolled breeding programmes and hence the possibility of raising breeding stock in the communal areas, Attempts to introduce an artificial insemination (A) service have been frusLrated by iarmers' inability to detect heat, indiacriminate mating in communally grazed stock and the high costs of setting up an effective AI programme in rural areas. Rusitu :mail-scale scheme is an exception, where AI had a success rate of 1.82 straws per conception. There is need for improving the breeding programme and to increase the supplies of foundation stock. Infrastructure and inputs The Government of Zimbabwe has set up the basic infrastructure of roads, electricity, milk collection centres and dips to service dairy projects, although much still remains to be done in meeting the specific needs of smallholder farmers. Animal health centres were set up by the veterinary services to support dairy development. However, dairy cattle have to cover long distances to reach dip tanks. Water availability is another major consideration, particularly in drought years. It is recommended that efforts should be intensified to install infrastructural services at points easily accessible to dairy farmers. Although inputs such as veterinary drugs, chemicals and stock feeds are generally available in the country, in future it is recommended that smallholder farmers should operate in groups to procure inputs in bulk 0 reduce the costs. Availability of labour Labour availability at the household level varies from area to area and even within individual households. Paradoxically, as the cost of labour is gradually increasing, unemployment levels are also on the increase. This scenario will eventually result in cheaper unskilled labour, At the individual smallholder farm level the household members participate in all the 168 activities relating to milk production marketing and delivery. Hired labour is only necessary at milk centres, where they are employed by the associations. Marketing Among the six milk-producing areas, only two (Rusitu and Marirangwe) sell the bulk of their milk to the Dairy Marketing Board (DMB). The Tsonzo project sells both loally and to the DMB and the other four sell all their milk locally. DDP emphasises and encourages local marketing as a strategy for making milk more readily available at affordable prices in the rural areas. There is no rationale for communal communities to produce milk for urban consumers while families in their communities are deprived and consequently undernourished. There are also additional advantages for local marketing: • Producers determine prices of milk in line with input costs, competitors' prices and the supply and demand of the product; * Viability ofdairying can be increased through reduction of costs, especially costs of transport to and from DMB depots; • Generation of employment for local vendors who sell milk; • Increased circulation of money within the project boundary, thus promoting development; and ° devement Improvement and of the nutritional status of communities, especially among infants and school children. The quantities of milk sold in the two project areas are shown in Table 2. Funds for investment (loan and donor support) The Agricultural Finance Corporation (AFC) is the sole source of medium-term credit for cattle purchase. However, most amallholder farmers have not qualified for these loans due to the lack of collateral or because of other outstanding loans. Most dairy schemes provide short-term credit for fertilisers, seed, stockfeeds and other inputs, and repayment is through monthly deductions ofmilk payments. It is suggested that a Dairy Development Fund be developed within the region. Donor support would greatly be appreciated to achieve this. Profitability at farm level A recent study conducted at Rusitu in November 1991 indicated low financial returns for farmers. When input and labour costs were deducted, farmers' returns were lower than the minimum farm wage of Z$ 150.00 (US $30) per month (Table 3). Within the scheme a gross margin analysis of sample farmers from various projects was worked out, using the best farmers in each project. In Marirangwe gross returns of Z$
38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieved, with a wholesome milk and its derivatives to meet the net return of Z$ 18,058 (US$ 3358) (Table 3). national needs at an affordable cost." The These net returns indicate the need to establish specific aspirations are to: optimal farm size, production levels and • improve and consolidate the viability of the management levels for viability. Apart from the financial benefits derived, the fact that dairying established dairy sector; brings in money monthly as opposed to the • continue the expansion of the national dairy one-off payment for crop production has been production base to the small-scale, communal strongly commended by farmers in projeet. areas, and resettlement farming sectors, so as to increase milk supply and develop the Government policies communities; Government policy towards dairy development ° maintain and improve effective and strict is stated in the National Dairy Development statutory control over milk production, Strategy of 1987. This gives the overall objective processing and marketing; and of "developing dairying so as to ensure there is a • promote an increase in the consumption of broad-based, viable production of sufficient milk and dairy products amongst all sectors Table 3. Gross margin analysis for sample larmersfrom various projects, Zimbabwe. Item Gross returns Rusltu Nharlra Chlkwaka (7 cow herd) (6 cow hard) (4cow herd) Marlrangwe (24 cow herd) Milk sold (litres) 16,240 14,948 7101 65,784 Gross Income Jan-Dec 91 10,718 11,211 5326 34,963 Cull cows sold @Z$1.90/kg 855 923 615 3694 Male weaners sold @Z$1.90/kg 209 - - - Total gross returns 11,782 12,134 5941 38,657 Cost of production Concentrates - cows (45¢/kg) 3654 3363 1598 14,801 Calves (60€/kg) 429 243 162 3078 Al costs where applicable Z$15/cow 105 - - - Vet costs Z$21/head 210 168 126 766 Dipping where applicable Z$8/head 80 - - - Dairy chemicals Z$10/cow 70 60 40 240 Napier grass growing/where applicable 3.6ha x 750/ha Silage making Z$25/cow 2700 175 - 150 - - - 600 Maintenance and other miscellaneous costs (5%) 371 199 88 974 Total cost excluding labour 7794 4183 2014 20,449 Gross margin 3988 7951 4021 18,208 Capital costs excluding cattle (Z$3300 for Rusitu and Z$1500 other) Amortization 0 2.5-A real Interest rate 10-year loan assumed 339 15 150 150 Net return 3649 7801 3927 18,058 169
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
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Research on smallholder dairy produ
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are a small number of productive an
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establishing a time frame sufficien
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secondary data analyses. In each ar
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facilitate greater orientation to f
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References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
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Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
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country relies on the development o
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To estimate the productivity of int
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S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
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Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
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igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
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References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
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* train a number of Kenyans for hig
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Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
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Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
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Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
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Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
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The project staff are closely invol
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Dairy goat research and extension a
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Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
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Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
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Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
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Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
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the establishment of good managemen
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Technologies introduced in the farm
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circumvent this problem the "Open N
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Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
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Research methodology Project implem
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government centre between 1935 and
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emphasis to improvements in the mil
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Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
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Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
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government institutions as research
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Disease control approaches
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ditions occur mostly in calves and
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ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114: Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
Page 115 and 116: experiences so far gained and futur
Page 117 and 118: acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120: Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124: Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126: Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
Page 127 and 128: Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
Page 129 and 130: Objectives ofte research programme
Page 131 and 132: aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
Page 133 and 134: ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
Page 135 and 136: Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 137 and 138: Factors affecting the development a
Page 139 and 140: Most roads in the rural areas where
Page 141 and 142: well-focused dairy development prog
Page 143 and 144: Secure better bargaining position w
Page 145 and 146: purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148: part of the country. The cattle pop
Page 149 and 150: " to increase farm-family income of
Page 151 and 152: Recent developments in the dairy in
Page 153 and 154: Dairy development programme in Tang
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
Page 157 and 158: Table 5. Napier production on-farm
Page 159 and 160: facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 161 and 162: Smallholder dairy development progr
Page 163: various types of cattle under rural
Page 167 and 168: labour to meet the requirements of
Page 169 and 170: Development of smallholder dairying
Page 171 and 172: Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
Page 173 and 174: Marketing options for livestock pro
Page 175 and 176: argaed that the only way to improve
Page 177 and 178: Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
Page 179 and 180: Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
Page 181 and 182: Group ranch concept and practice ir
Page 183 and 184: the land, reducing the capacity of
Page 185 and 186: Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
Page 187 and 188: upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
Page 189 and 190: the project in 1982. Infrastructura
Page 191 and 192: If all the ranches were subdivided
Page 193 and 194: This can be achieved through an ext
Page 195 and 196: Introduction of dairy cattle produc
Page 197 and 198: " a permanent water source should b
Page 199 and 200: Development of feeding strategies a
Page 201 and 202: Supplementation improved milk yield
Page 203 and 204: Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
Page 205 and 206: Summary Wool and mohair production
Page 207 and 208: contributed to low fecundity was th
Page 209 and 210: established with the following obje
Page 211 and 212: qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
Page 213 and 214: Synthesis of constraints to livesto
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i'nd appropriateness of the technol
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" Realising the magnitude of the pr
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DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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