aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Rabia A R. 1991. Field ECF immunization reports. Departmont of Livestock Development, Zanzibar, Tanzanin, in collaboration with ILRAD (International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases) and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Rushigajii K. 1990. Animal disease investigation on Unguja island. Progress report, May-&pt 1990. UNDPIFAO Project RT/86/022 Zanzibar. 117 Tatchell R J. 1976. Report of the tick controlconsultant. UNDPIFAO Project URT/73/025 Zanzibar. Uilenberg G. 1984. Possible impact of other tick- borne diseases following ECF immunization. In: Proceedings of a joint workshop on ECF immunization and theileriosis in East, central and southAfrica. pp 118-122.
Sustainable control methods for ticks and tick-borne diseases in Africa Summnary A. A. Latif Veterinary Research Laboratory, Harare, Zi<strong>mb</strong>abwe The two major livestock diseases of economic significance in Africa are trypanosomiasis and tick-borne diseases (TBDs). Both affect subsistence and commercial farmers andlimit the exploitation of productive land. Present methods of vector and disease control remain inadequate, costly and pose environmental problems. Control methods for tick-bome diseases that are safe and effective are now available. Immunisation with reduced dipping practices make it possible to tolerate moderate tick burde ns on cattle. With the advent of immunisation, integrated tick and TBD management (ITM) becomes desirable. Tick-resistant breeds of cattle, vector populationstudiesand concurrent reduced useof chemicals are the crucial elements in the control strategy. The ITM package is economically and technically attractive and practically desirable. However, the social and political feasibility of tick-borne- disease control needs to be addressed. The host's resistance to tick infestation manifests Itself agairst attacking ticks of different species and at varying stages. Highly resistant cattle keep tick populations low Quantitative studies on host-resistance to ticks in zebu cattle in Africa are available. Several indigenous breeds have been found to have high levels of resistance, including Africander, Bonsmara, Nkoni and Brahman (S. Africa), Nkoni (Zi<strong>mb</strong>abwe), Boran and East African Zebu (Kenya), Jutana and Kenana (Sudan) and aran and Horro Ethiopia). The practice of opposing resistant cattle to tlik infestations for tick and TBD control needs to be given support and priority in research. Thereis an urgentneed foran integrated network approach to tick-control research similar to the trypanololerance network, to integrate epidemiological studies on ticks and TBDs, animal science, socio-economic studies and dissemination of information, Introduction Tick-borne diseases are a major constraint to livestock improvement throughout the tropics. World-wide, an estimated 600 million cattle are 119 exposed to anaplasmosis and babesiosis and 200 million cattle are exposed to theileriosis. In sub-Saharan Africa as many as 175 million cattle may be exposed to cowdriosis. In eastern, central and southern Africa theileriasis (East Coast fever), caused by Theileriaparva, is considered to be the most significant tick-borne disease of cattle. The parasite infects cattle and buffalo (Synerus caffer) in 12 countries of the region and 25 million cattle are at risk. One million cattle are estimated to .ave died of East Coast fever (ECF) in 1989 alone (Mukhebi et al, 1992). Most indigenous cattle in areas where tick-borne diseases occur possess a natural resistance e i t n e to t these h s diseases. i e s s The h association s o between i t o the parasites and cattle has produced states of endemic stability in which cattle are immune and parasites are transmitted censtantly between cattle and ticks. Cattle that are exposed to Anaplasma, Babesia or Cowdria organisms early in life do not usually develop the clinical disease and are subsequently immune. This form ofage-related immunity does not occur with T parva. Problems of present control methods During the last 80 years the control of ticks and the diseases they transmit has been largely through the application of acricides in dips or sprays. The strict short-interval application of acaricides prevents transmission of the parasites and this method has been used very successfully throughout the region, in conjunction with control on animal movement, quarantine and slaughter. Introduced in 1902, the use of acaricides was used to eradicate ECF from South Africa by 1954 and Swaziland by 1960 (Lawrence, 1991). However, the development ofresistance in ticks to successive acaricide compounds has been a major problem. This has been compounded by the increasing cost of acaricides, illegal cattle movement, civil unrest, poor management and inadequate maintenance. The devastating extent of the drought in Africa has made many dip-tanks non-operational due to lack ofwater. Another complication associated with the use of acaricides is that they are environmental pollutants and may also contaminate milk and meat. Strict acaricide application results in highly susceptible cattle populations because the cattle are not exposed to the parasites; when tick
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
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Research on smallholder dairy produ
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are a small number of productive an
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establishing a time frame sufficien
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secondary data analyses. In each ar
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facilitate greater orientation to f
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References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
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Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
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country relies on the development o
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To estimate the productivity of int
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S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
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Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
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igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
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References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
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* train a number of Kenyans for hig
Page 67 and 68: Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
Page 69 and 70: Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
Page 71 and 72: Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
Page 73 and 74: Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
Page 75 and 76: The project staff are closely invol
Page 77 and 78: Dairy goat research and extension a
Page 79 and 80: Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
Page 81 and 82: Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
Page 83 and 84: Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
Page 85 and 86: Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88: the establishment of good managemen
Page 89 and 90: Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 91 and 92: circumvent this problem the "Open N
Page 93 and 94: Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96: Research methodology Project implem
Page 97 and 98: government centre between 1935 and
Page 99 and 100: emphasis to improvements in the mil
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
Page 103 and 104: Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
Page 105 and 106: government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108: Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110: ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111 and 112: ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114: Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
Page 115 and 116: experiences so far gained and futur
Page 117: acceptance s very high and the work
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124: Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126: Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
Page 127 and 128: Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
Page 129 and 130: Objectives ofte research programme
Page 131 and 132: aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
Page 133 and 134: ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
Page 135 and 136: Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 137 and 138: Factors affecting the development a
Page 139 and 140: Most roads in the rural areas where
Page 141 and 142: well-focused dairy development prog
Page 143 and 144: Secure better bargaining position w
Page 145 and 146: purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148: part of the country. The cattle pop
Page 149 and 150: " to increase farm-family income of
Page 151 and 152: Recent developments in the dairy in
Page 153 and 154: Dairy development programme in Tang
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
Page 157 and 158: Table 5. Napier production on-farm
Page 159 and 160: facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 161 and 162: Smallholder dairy development progr
Page 163 and 164: various types of cattle under rural
Page 165 and 166: 38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
Page 167 and 168: labour to meet the requirements of
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Development of smallholder dairying
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Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
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Marketing options for livestock pro
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argaed that the only way to improve
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Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
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Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
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Group ranch concept and practice ir
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the land, reducing the capacity of
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Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
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upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
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the project in 1982. Infrastructura
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If all the ranches were subdivided
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This can be achieved through an ext
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Introduction of dairy cattle produc
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" a permanent water source should b
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Development of feeding strategies a
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Supplementation improved milk yield
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Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
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Summary Wool and mohair production
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contributed to low fecundity was th
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established with the following obje
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qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
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Synthesis of constraints to livesto
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i'nd appropriateness of the technol
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" Realising the magnitude of the pr
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DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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