aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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Table 2. Livestockpopulation growth in Zambla 1985-1988. Annual 1985 1986 1987 1988 growth (%) Cattle 2,469,721 2,520,061 2,600,810 2,684,196 2.9 Sheep and goats 456,560 489,119 525,441 562,841 7.8 Pigs 177,600 186,572 196,176 206,518 5.4 Souce: Planning Division (1988). The present per capita consumption of consumed in areas where cattle-keeping is a livestock products is estimated at 7.4 kg of beef, tradition. 0.7 kg of mutton, 0.1 kg of pork, 1.6 kg of poultry Generally, cattle on commercial and state meat, 15 eggs and 23 litres of milk (Daka, 1992). farms are kept mainly for cash and for provision These figures represent a very low intake of of animal protein to the farm household. In the animal protein when compared with the emergent smallholder sector, cattle are kept for developed world and when the available cash, manure, traction and milk, whereas in the livestock resources are taken into consideration. traditional sector cattle are still kept for prestige, traction, manure, milk and security. Characterisation of the cattle industry Origin of the programme The cattle industry is broadly divided into two Following the departure of many expatriate main subsectors: commercial and small scale. It dairy farmers from the country at independence is estimated that cut of the 2.68 million cattle, about 60,000 are dairy cattle, mainly Holsteins, Friesians and their crosses (Phiri, 1992). in 1964, the Government embarked on a pro gramme of developing the dairy industry through the establishment of state dairy farms. Commercial dairy production is undertaken along the old railway line by large- and mediumscale farmers and parastatals and is still dominated by expatriate farmers. The parastatal farms, five of which are in outlying provinces, have helped fill the production gap after the departure of some expatriate farmers at independence in 1964. Small-scale milk production is on smallholdings established since the early 1970s This development strategy led to the emergence of parastatal dairy farms in 1968. Five of these were in the outlying provincial centres of Chipata, Kasama, Mansa, Mongu and Solwezi. To give continuity to this programme, in the early 1970s the Government introduced dairy schemes aimed at encouraging indigenous Zambians to participate in commercial dairy production. All these schemes except for the smallholder Development Project(SDDP), which is a recent introduction, failed in one way or the under milk production schemes. These smallholdings are generally located near urban other due to various logistical problems. centres and away from the railway line. Talking to a sample of farmers in this case study, it was evident that those who joined the Currentproductivity scheme were induced to do so by the training packages offered. Most farmers underwent some Milk production in the commercial sector is trnining in dairy farming at Palabann or at thL predominantly from Friesian cows, which have Natural Resources Development College an average yield of 25 litres per day. This figure (NRDC) before joining the scheme. The model has been estimated from the milk delivered to the Dairy Produce Board. Estimates also indicate that Friesian x indigenous crosses give an average daily yield of 10 litres. This makes the combined national production from the commercial and parastatal sectors about 22.5 million litres (Planning Division, 1988). farms that the scheme provided, particularly in terms of land tenure, were encouraging to farmers. In a few cases, especially in areas where cattle-keeping was a normal tradition, farmers chose dairy schemes and programmes spontaneously. The initial acceptance of dairy improvement Milk in the traditional sector is produced from schemes and programmes was very high among local cattle, mostly of the Sanga and zebu types the farmers, civil servants and businessmen. crossed with Tonga, Barotse and Ang,:i. Milk yields are relatively low and range from th,'ee to Most farmers adopted the dairy technology introduced to them, although performance five litres per day. The milk produced in this varied due to a number of reasons. These sector is consumed at home and it is estimated included lack of breeding stock and capital to that this amounts to about 31.5 million litres per purchase inputs such as feeds and lack of drugs annum (Phiri, 1992). Milk is produced and to treat and control diseases. 138
Factors affecting the development and expansion of smallholder dairy programmes Dairy cattle There is a general shortage of improved dairy cattle for dairy scheme participants. Facilities for artificial insemination (AI) for dairy schemes were also inadequate and, as a result, most participant farmers were dependent on natural service. Those who did not own bulls depended on their neighbours. This situation has contributed to the inability to develop and expand the smallholder dairy sector. lb help alleviate the shortage of dairy stock in the schemes, in 1979 the Government established a cros3-breeding ranch at Batoka with the assistance of the European Economic Commission (EEC). The function of the ranch is to 3upply in-calf crossbred heifers to small-scale farmers in dairy settlement and smallholder dairy projects. However, production so far has not met the rising demand resulting from the increasing number of new farmers joining the smallholder dairy industry, Infrastructure Although there was a road service to scheme centres most roads required upgrading, Dipping facilities are available on most of the schemes but remain inadequate. Those already in place and handed over to the scheme members are in a poor state due to the inability of farmers to collaborate in maintaining them. It is evident that there is lack ofinterest in renovating infrastructure that was handed over communally. There seems to be a reluctance to assume responsibility for communally owned property, particularly dip tanks and communal water points. Availability of inputs Although most inputs are available to scheme farmers, prices remain unaffordable. With a liberalised economy, drugs and acaricides have become too expensive for most small farmers, Labour Family labour, especially wives, plays a crucial role in supplementing hired labour in the smallholder dairy sector. Wives also assume the role of managers in the absence of their husbands. The issue of outside labour has been cited as a major hurdle on most smallholder farms, as most able-bodied men and women opt for employment in towns, where they engage themselves in business and trading to make .quick" money. Market outlets Market outlets are in place for smallholder dairy development project farmers to deliver milk to the Dairy Produce Board (DPB) plants using their own transport. Where plants are far from 139 farms, as in the case of settlement schemes, there are SDDP road-side collection points. The fundamental of cooling facilities. constraint Of the here four is dairy the inadequacy settlement schemes, only ane (Palabana) has a cooling tank. No operational cooling tank exists in SDDP. The lack of this facility leads to the wastage of large quantities of milk. To reduce losses, SDDP sells most of the milk sour at reduced prices. Sour milk is a very popular commodity in the Southern Province. Formal marketing of milk is undertaken by DPB for most parts of the country; by Zambezi Cooperative for the Livingstone area; and by SDDP for the Choma, Monze, Mazabuka and Kabwe districts. With the current liberalised marketing systems, farmers are free to sell to whom they wish and charge according to market forces. In the traditional sector milk is consumed by producers and sold to neighbours. Funds for investment Funds for investment presented a problem to most smallholder farmers, especially those who did not have title deeds to their land. Farmers who do not have title to their land have little collateral and this presented a problem in acquiring bank loans. Hence most farmers financed their own programmes. Donor support to dairy development programmes is not available at the moment, particularly to SDDP. However, farmers themselves are raising funds through milk sales. In one case, a farmer received donor support for the dairy programme. Profitability Data on farm size, herd size, milk yield and reproduction rates were taken from 135 and 180 smallholder farms in 1989 and 1992, respec tively (Table 3). Herd size was small in relation to farm size (Table 3). Average farm size was ao 215 ha le eregnrallyzlowat abut 215 ha. Milk Yields were generally low at below 900 kg per lactation, but the trend is encouraging as there was a tremendous increase in lactation yield from 450 kg in 1989 to 840 kg in 1992. The increase in milk yield was probably due to improved management and forage feed production as the level of concentrate feeding remained the same at 2 kg/cow for lactating cows. The positive trend is also significant on age at first calving, which has been reduced by one year (Table 3). Areduction incalving intrval wasalso evident (Table 3). The data on costs and income (Table 3) show that the revenue from milk sales has increased substantially due to increased volume of production and higher milk prices. In spite of the spiralling costs of concentrates over the period, the profit margins jumped from Zambia Kwacha 1020.00 to 32,360.00 in two years (Table 3).
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
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Research on smallholder dairy produ
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are a small number of productive an
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establishing a time frame sufficien
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secondary data analyses. In each ar
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facilitate greater orientation to f
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References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
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Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
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country relies on the development o
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To estimate the productivity of int
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S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
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Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
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igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
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References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
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* train a number of Kenyans for hig
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Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
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Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
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Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
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Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
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The project staff are closely invol
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Dairy goat research and extension a
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Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
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Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
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Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
Page 85 and 86: Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88: the establishment of good managemen
Page 89 and 90: Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 91 and 92: circumvent this problem the "Open N
Page 93 and 94: Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96: Research methodology Project implem
Page 97 and 98: government centre between 1935 and
Page 99 and 100: emphasis to improvements in the mil
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
Page 103 and 104: Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
Page 105 and 106: government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108: Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110: ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111 and 112: ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114: Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
Page 115 and 116: experiences so far gained and futur
Page 117 and 118: acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120: Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124: Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126: Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
Page 127 and 128: Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
Page 129 and 130: Objectives ofte research programme
Page 131 and 132: aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
Page 133 and 134: ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
Page 135: Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 139 and 140: Most roads in the rural areas where
Page 141 and 142: well-focused dairy development prog
Page 143 and 144: Secure better bargaining position w
Page 145 and 146: purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148: part of the country. The cattle pop
Page 149 and 150: " to increase farm-family income of
Page 151 and 152: Recent developments in the dairy in
Page 153 and 154: Dairy development programme in Tang
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
Page 157 and 158: Table 5. Napier production on-farm
Page 159 and 160: facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 161 and 162: Smallholder dairy development progr
Page 163 and 164: various types of cattle under rural
Page 165 and 166: 38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
Page 167 and 168: labour to meet the requirements of
Page 169 and 170: Development of smallholder dairying
Page 171 and 172: Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
Page 173 and 174: Marketing options for livestock pro
Page 175 and 176: argaed that the only way to improve
Page 177 and 178: Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
Page 179 and 180: Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
Page 181 and 182: Group ranch concept and practice ir
Page 183 and 184: the land, reducing the capacity of
Page 185 and 186: Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
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upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
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the project in 1982. Infrastructura
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If all the ranches were subdivided
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This can be achieved through an ext
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Introduction of dairy cattle produc
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" a permanent water source should b
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Development of feeding strategies a
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Supplementation improved milk yield
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Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
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Summary Wool and mohair production
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contributed to low fecundity was th
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established with the following obje
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qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
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Synthesis of constraints to livesto
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i'nd appropriateness of the technol
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" Realising the magnitude of the pr
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DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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