aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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of the population and to develop export markets, The Dairy Programme Co-ordinating Committee was established in early 1987 by the Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Lands, Agriculture and Rural Resettlement. The main responsibilities of the committee are to update Government policy, plan strategies for the implementation of the policies and monitor and review the progress of implementation. Donor support Donor funds have helped meet both capital and recurrent costs of implementing dairy development in Zimbabwe. Support has been important in the following areas: " Bulk Milk Counterpart Fund - Norway/ Government of Zimbabwe. " Direct funding to the Dairy Development Programme - Norway (1990-1994). " Funding ofGuruve Small-Scale Dairy Project - Denmark (DANIDA). " Training - Regional Dairy Development Training Team of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO RDDTT, Kenya). This has now lapsed. " Dairy Association infrastructure development - EEC (micro-projects). " Provision of heifers - Heifer Project International (USA). • Rusitu Small-Scale Dairy Settlement Scheme capital funding - Britain (ODA). " Construction of milking sheds and fodder establishment - EEC (food aid counterpart fund). Support services The dairy industry in Zimbabwe is serviced by a number of institutions, including the Department of Agriculture, Technical and Extension Services (Agritex), Department of Research and Specialist Services (DR&SS), DMB, the Agricultural Development Authority (ADA), veterinary services and farmer associations. Agritex is responsible for farmer extension at the grassroots level and for all agricultural activities. Agritex structures are less specialised on dairy and there is only one milk production specialist for the whole country. The DR&SS is responsible for administering the Dairy Act, which controls hygienic standards for both ,roduction and manufacturing in the industry, and supervises the milk recording scheme. It is also responsible for on-farm and ori-station research in dairying. The Department of Veterinary Services carries out investigations and extension services on the control of diseases affecting livestock and supervises vaccinations against contagious abortion, foot-and-mouth disease and anthrax, The Department provides free diagnostic services, herd health care, veterinary education 170 and extension services through animal health and management centres. The Agricultural Development Authority is responsible for implementing datty projects in communal, resettlement and small- scale farming areas. Through the Dairy Programme Co-ordination Committee (DPCC), all dairying work is well coordinated, from the farmer level to the national level. Other support services include commercial suppliers of stockfeeds, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, machinery, fertilisers and artificial insemination services. Agricultural training colleges and the University of Zimbabwe also have an input in training trainers. Hcvever, there is no dairy training for extension officers in the country and there is a great need to focus on small-scale dairy production and processing. Alternative uses of land, labour and other inputs Small-wale dairying competes with crop and beef production for land, labour and inputs. Maize, which is a staple food, is the commonest crop used to feed dairy animals in the commercial sector because it is nutritious and refished by cattle. As a result there is an inevitable competition between humans and livestock for maize. To limit this conflict, farmers in the small-&cale, communal and resettlement sectors are encouraged to allocate land f1or growing forage sorghum, Bana, Napier, legumes and leguminous trees. However, in communal areas this approach also faces competition for both land and labour, with the priority being given to production of crops for human consumption. Experience has shown that the one hectare set aside for subsistence crops in Rusitu is not adequate. Maize grown is used aot only to feed people and cattle but is also used to pay for labour. Farmers grow a range of crops, including maize, bambara nut, groundnut, sugar bean, pineapp' e,banana, sugar-cane, fruit trees, sweet potato ar d a range of horticultural vegetables. This causes intense competition between enterprises for inputs, including land, labour and management. Most communal farmers ara fairly busy during the summer months, when they plant, weed and harvest their crops. During the dry season the main farming activity is gardening and then only when water is available. With the introduction of labour-intensive dairying these farmers could be occupied throughout the year. Benefits to the farmers and the community With existing labour migration patterns, it is mostly the women and school children who perform farming-related activities throughout theyear. This has resulted in a shortage oflabour at household level, such that there is too little
labour to meet the requirements of dairying, especially during the summer months. In %iew of this shortage, families and associati.ms (vendors) can employ labour to look aftcr the diary cattle and also to assist in field work and milk marketing. In this way dairying generatrs employment in rural areas, thereby addressing the national problem of high unemployment rates, Since the majority of members of rural projects are women, development program. -s should address their needs, including the improvement of living conditions and provision o'employment opportunities. Increased milk supplies at farm level should improve nutrition. Increases in the number of cattle kept will increase the availability of farm yard manure, which is applied to arable crops. These benefits correspond well with the mandate of the Dairy Development Programme in Zimbabwe. In the long-term, the adoption of zero-grazing w ill reduce stocking rates ono communal areas and hence enhance environmental sustainability in the rural areas, Factors contributing to the success or failure of livestock development programmes Problems facing livestock development programmes include: " Lack of funds and delays in support to the DDP and othe- service agencies and departments. " Inadequate implementation of policies and consequent poor support of DDP. " A critical shortage ofdairy equipment, spares and vehicles. * The stringent requirements imposed by the Dairy Act on those entering dairying, making it a costly exercise. The act s~ts standards such as running water, concrete floors and modem roofs which are too expensive for the rural poor. " Shortage of trained manpower and experience. There is a shortage of people trained in dairy-related skills, in particular those who can meet the needs of the smallholder farmers. 'lb improve the situation, in-service training is baing increased. Adairy handbook is almost ready and a team approach to training ihrmers is under way. " Feed shortages in the dry season. Most smallholders live in semi-arid areas, which are not suitable for dairying. " Lack of skills in fodder conservation, Production based on rain-fed pastures is possible for only two to thrce months of the year. For the remainder of the year these pastures barely meet the maintenance requirement for diary cows let alone provide for the production of milk. Most smallholder 171 farmers have no experience in feed production and conservation. Constraints at the farmer level are nuerous. • Theindigenouscattlegivelowmilkyieldsand therefore there is a need for crossbreeding. * The implementation of rational breeding programmes using both natural mating and artificial insemination has been slow. • Farmers' resistance and lack of understanding have contributed to the slow progress. . Artificial insemination has not been successful due to problems of heat detection. • To help overcome the slow process of crossbreeding in situ there is need for in-calf crossbred heifers to be made available to prospective smllholder milk producers. The ADA farm in Transsau hns been producing these crossbred heifers. However, DDP plans tae o ver h i es . An innovat s to take over this responsibility. An innovative commercial farmer has produced Mashona x Red Dane crosses which are dual-purnose animals. * Long-term credit is difficult for smallholder farmers to acquire. The basic criteria for credit qualification have not been adjusted to account for the specific conditions of smallscale dairy farmers by the AFC. 'b fill thisgap a Dairy Development Fund has been proposed. * Related to credit there is the issue of 1Lnd tenure. While most small-scale commen al farmers have title to their farms and are aLie to operate independently, the tenure systems operating in the communal and resettlement areas act against individual efforts. Overstocking and degradation ofthe environment are major problems in communal areas. Farmer security is therefore threatened by absence of title deeds in these areas. * Management skills in general are low and need considerable improvement; a comprehensive training programme is a priority. * Milk collection and delivery is another area of concern. Distances to deliver milk are relatively great, averaging 15 km. Hence, appropriate milk collection and delivery systems must be set up. Use of donkey carts, bicycles and other unmotorised modes of transport are encouraged. • The local sale of milk poses a number of problems, including distribution seasonal and daily changes in demand. Options being considered and tried include selling to schools and institutions, setting up subcentres, bartering and rural processing. • In general, farmers are relatively poor and slow to adopt new technologies. Smallholder farmers are traditionally hesitant and averse
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
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Research on smallholder dairy produ
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are a small number of productive an
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establishing a time frame sufficien
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secondary data analyses. In each ar
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facilitate greater orientation to f
Page 49 and 50:
References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
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Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
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country relies on the development o
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To estimate the productivity of int
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S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
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Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
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igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
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References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
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* train a number of Kenyans for hig
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Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
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Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
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Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
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Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
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The project staff are closely invol
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Dairy goat research and extension a
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Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
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Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
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Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
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Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
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the establishment of good managemen
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Technologies introduced in the farm
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circumvent this problem the "Open N
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Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
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Research methodology Project implem
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government centre between 1935 and
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emphasis to improvements in the mil
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Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
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Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
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government institutions as research
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Disease control approaches
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ditions occur mostly in calves and
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ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114:
Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
Page 115 and 116: experiences so far gained and futur
Page 117 and 118: acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120: Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124: Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126: Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
Page 127 and 128: Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
Page 129 and 130: Objectives ofte research programme
Page 131 and 132: aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
Page 133 and 134: ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
Page 135 and 136: Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 137 and 138: Factors affecting the development a
Page 139 and 140: Most roads in the rural areas where
Page 141 and 142: well-focused dairy development prog
Page 143 and 144: Secure better bargaining position w
Page 145 and 146: purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148: part of the country. The cattle pop
Page 149 and 150: " to increase farm-family income of
Page 151 and 152: Recent developments in the dairy in
Page 153 and 154: Dairy development programme in Tang
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
Page 157 and 158: Table 5. Napier production on-farm
Page 159 and 160: facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 161 and 162: Smallholder dairy development progr
Page 163 and 164: various types of cattle under rural
Page 165: 38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
Page 169 and 170: Development of smallholder dairying
Page 171 and 172: Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
Page 173 and 174: Marketing options for livestock pro
Page 175 and 176: argaed that the only way to improve
Page 177 and 178: Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
Page 179 and 180: Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
Page 181 and 182: Group ranch concept and practice ir
Page 183 and 184: the land, reducing the capacity of
Page 185 and 186: Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
Page 187 and 188: upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
Page 189 and 190: the project in 1982. Infrastructura
Page 191 and 192: If all the ranches were subdivided
Page 193 and 194: This can be achieved through an ext
Page 195 and 196: Introduction of dairy cattle produc
Page 197 and 198: " a permanent water source should b
Page 199 and 200: Development of feeding strategies a
Page 201 and 202: Supplementation improved milk yield
Page 203 and 204: Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
Page 205 and 206: Summary Wool and mohair production
Page 207 and 208: contributed to low fecundity was th
Page 209 and 210: established with the following obje
Page 211 and 212: qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
Page 213 and 214: Synthesis of constraints to livesto
Page 215 and 216: i'nd appropriateness of the technol
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" Realising the magnitude of the pr
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DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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