aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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Table3. Smallholderdairy production coefficients and profitability in 1989 and 1992. Parameter Number of farmers Average hor,' .ze (includes beet) Average number of dairy cattle Average farm size (ha) Daily yield per cow (kg/day) Lactation yield (kg) Lactation length (days) Calving rate (%) Calving interval (days) Age at first calving (months) Costs Concentrates (kg/day per cow) Price (Kwacha/kg) Costs of concentrates (Kwacha) Drugs, acaricides etc (Kwacha) Total costs Income Total milk yield (kg) Price per kg (Kwacha) Total revenue (Kwacha) Profit margin 1. Apr 1991 to April1992. In1992 US$1 = 315 Zambian Kwacha. Government policy The present Government policy is to encourage commercial milk production by small-scale and traditional farmers, who are mainly indigenous Zambians. This will be achieved through the promotion of dairy scheme projects, and by ensuring that rules, reguilations and procedures are put in place to maintain standards set by the Department ofAgriculture. Alternative uses of land Apart from dairying, most farmers participated in other income-generating activities. Cash-crop production to meet household needs and to provide cash for dairy inputs was common among all farmers. Others kept chickens and pigs for sale and home consumption. Planti., g pastures for cattle and the cultivation of fruit trees was also practised. Benefits All farmers interviewed acknowled;ed that dairying enhanced their livelihood through the provision of food in the form of milk, ready cash and social status. Those who were engaged in cash-crop production used manure from their dairy cattle to supplement chemical fertilisers. 140 Year 1989 1992 135 180 20 30 8 7 215 215 2.5 4.0 450 840 180 210 67 71 545 403 36.0 24.7 2 2 1 17 360 7,140 420 6,700 780 13,840 450 840 4 55 1,800 46,200 1,020 32.360 Factors contributing to the success or failure of smallholder daiiying Success The smallholder dairy development project is cited as one of the success stories of the dairy development programmes introduced in Zambia. Factors that contributed to this success include: . Farmers interest in dairy farming; . Farmers knowledge and skills obtained through training; * Availability of marketing infrastructure; * Availability of inputs for dairy production; Provision of transport; * Good etension and veterinary services; * Price liberalisation; * Provision of credit; and SLess interference from the Government in project management and decision making (Kamanga, 1992). Constraints The common causes of failure in smallholder dairy development projects in Zambia were: • Lack of infrastructure in the rural areas.
Most roads in the rural areas where smallscale farmtrj are found are poor and usually impassable. This creates difficulties in movement of produce and inputs. Marketing facilities are virtually non-existent, except for those participating in dairy schemes and projects. Shortage of improved stock. Improved breeding stock for dairying among the small-scale farmers was scarce throughout the country. This situation pushed the price of improved dairy stock too high for most smallscale farmers. Prices for crossbred cattle were beyond the reach of most small-scale farmers, partlybecause oftheirlow capital base (Mwenya, 1992). * Inadequate capital for investment. Most smallholder farmers complained of difficulties in obtaining livestock loans as lending institutions gave preference to crop production. Where loans were given, interest rates were exorbitant, * Diseases. Tick-borne diseases were th major hindrance to smallholder dairy produ ',on as their control is becoming too expensive and beyond the farmers' ability. * Inadequate extension service, Very few trained dairy experts exist in the country. Even where they are evident they are mostly in.mobile as a consequence of the lack of transport and other necessary inputs because of budgetary limitations, * Lack of dairy science research. Little research has been done in this field, mainly because ofthe lack ofqunlified manpower and financial sr.pport from responsible institutions. As a result, no new technology in dairy production is being developed locally. * Lack of records. The common feature observed among the sample smallholder farmers was that most of them did not keep full production records on their dairy animals. This made it difficult to make correct management decisions. In consequence, they considered dairying as a peripheral activity. Paradoxically it gave them the highest benefits, References Bessel J Eand Daplyn MG. 1976. Dairyingin Zambia: The commercial sector. UNGZAMI Bulletin No. 1. University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Daka D E. 1992. Dairycattle breedingpolicyfor Zambia. Paper presented at the National Dairy Workshop. Siavonga, Zambia. Kamanga A. 1992. Smallholder dairy development project. Paper presented at the National Dairy workshop. Siavonga, Zambia. 141 Suggested framework for future development At present, the smallholder sector owns the largest number of cattle in the country. As such the hope for increasing the production of dairy products in this country lies in tha involvement of small-scale farmers in the commercial production ofmilk. 'b achieve this, the following is proposed on policy, infrastructure, inputs, marketing systems and incentives. The Government policy on smallholder dairy production should be geared to encouraging and involving small-scale farmers in commercial milk production by facilitating the provision of basic requirements for dairying such as infrastructure, inputs, marketing facilities, soft loans and other necessary incentives. Policy should provide for training of both farmers and extension staff. Most roads in the remote areas require improvement. Farmers tend to look to the Government to carry on the necessary maintenance. it is suggested With the that present farmers economic themselves hardships, should be encouraged to get involved in the main benancofrad Farer sold as be helpe tenance of roads. Farmers should also be helped to improve and maintain other infrastructure such as dip tanks, farm paddocks and dairie through provision of "targeted" soft loans. Inputs, particularly feeds and veterinary drugs, were not available to most small farmers because oflack of capital. This should be changed by encouraging farmers to invest in dairy entei prises through making soft loans accessible to them. To date very few market outietd are open to this sector. It is therefore proposed that the existing market outlets under SDDP, Zambezi- Cooperative, DPB and Dairy Settlement Schemes be maintained and improved by installing adequp' ooling facilities. The liberalisea pricing policy currently in force is an important incentive to dairying and other forms of encouragement such as soft loans should be provided. The present loans have high interest rates, which disourage small farmers. A system of land tenure based on title deed lease could be one way of accessing money. Mwenya J. 1992. Milk productionpatterns in southern province. Paper presented at the National Dairy Workshop. Siavonga, Zambia. Planning Division. 1988. AgriculturalStatisticsBulletin. Ministry ofAgriculture and Cooperatives, Zambia. Phiri GB M.1992. The broadoverview ofthe currentdairy productionpatternsand the NationalDairyPolicy. Paper presented at a National dairy workshop. Siavonga, Zambia.
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
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Research on smallholder dairy produ
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are a small number of productive an
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establishing a time frame sufficien
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secondary data analyses. In each ar
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facilitate greater orientation to f
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References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
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Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
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country relies on the development o
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To estimate the productivity of int
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S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
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Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
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igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
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References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
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* train a number of Kenyans for hig
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Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
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Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
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Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
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Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
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The project staff are closely invol
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Dairy goat research and extension a
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Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
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Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
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Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
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Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88: the establishment of good managemen
Page 89 and 90: Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 91 and 92: circumvent this problem the "Open N
Page 93 and 94: Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96: Research methodology Project implem
Page 97 and 98: government centre between 1935 and
Page 99 and 100: emphasis to improvements in the mil
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
Page 103 and 104: Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
Page 105 and 106: government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108: Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110: ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111 and 112: ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114: Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
Page 115 and 116: experiences so far gained and futur
Page 117 and 118: acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120: Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124: Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126: Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
Page 127 and 128: Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
Page 129 and 130: Objectives ofte research programme
Page 131 and 132: aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
Page 133 and 134: ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
Page 135 and 136: Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 137: Factors affecting the development a
Page 141 and 142: well-focused dairy development prog
Page 143 and 144: Secure better bargaining position w
Page 145 and 146: purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148: part of the country. The cattle pop
Page 149 and 150: " to increase farm-family income of
Page 151 and 152: Recent developments in the dairy in
Page 153 and 154: Dairy development programme in Tang
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
Page 157 and 158: Table 5. Napier production on-farm
Page 159 and 160: facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 161 and 162: Smallholder dairy development progr
Page 163 and 164: various types of cattle under rural
Page 165 and 166: 38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
Page 167 and 168: labour to meet the requirements of
Page 169 and 170: Development of smallholder dairying
Page 171 and 172: Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
Page 173 and 174: Marketing options for livestock pro
Page 175 and 176: argaed that the only way to improve
Page 177 and 178: Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
Page 179 and 180: Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
Page 181 and 182: Group ranch concept and practice ir
Page 183 and 184: the land, reducing the capacity of
Page 185 and 186: Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
Page 187 and 188: upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
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the project in 1982. Infrastructura
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If all the ranches were subdivided
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This can be achieved through an ext
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Introduction of dairy cattle produc
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" a permanent water source should b
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Development of feeding strategies a
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Supplementation improved milk yield
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Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
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Summary Wool and mohair production
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contributed to low fecundity was th
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established with the following obje
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qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
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Synthesis of constraints to livesto
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i'nd appropriateness of the technol
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" Realising the magnitude of the pr
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DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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