aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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Table 2. ECF reactons in Mal3: UnguJa ECF lmmunisadon Group I Identity of animal Days to uchlzont Duration schizont of (days) Day to pyraxla Duration of pyrexla Cause of death (days) Immunised CB5 30 2 CB9 25 CB11 - CB12 - CB15 - CB16 - CB17 - CB20 - CB21 - CB22 - CB23 - CB24 -, T mutans Control CB'7 28 Souroe: Raba (98). C 8 43 CB13 - CB14 - CB18 - (Aher experiences gained Immunisation against ECF proved effective in these trials and field immunisation was started in 1990. Acceptancn by farmers was good, with about 500 pure-bred Jerseys, Friesians and their crosses having beeu immunised. However, the trials have shown that when immunisation against ECF has been completed other tickborne diseases are being detected and are a cause for concern. The most significant tick-borne disease to surface is babesiosis. Experience gained has also ohown that anaemia and low packed cell volume (PCV) can be a problem in cattle immunised against T parva. Othey: researchers (Uilenberg, 1984; Morzaria, 1988) have reported anaemia and parasitaemia during exposure of ECFimmunised cattle. The anaemia syndrome has been associated with high T. mutans parasitaemia (Rabia, 1989. Poor nutrition has also been associated with the anaemia syndrome and parasitaemia (Biw5, 1')91). From this experience, it has been recommended that only 115 2 3- - - -- - 225 - 18 - - - 32 - 17 - - - - - - - - - - - 56 - 15 11 29 2 44 - 15 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 1 1 2 9 ECF (38) 1 6 well-nourished cattle should be immunised, with further studies being conducted on the possible pathogenicity of T mutans. The age at which calves should be immunised is still in debate. While Rabia (1991) rocommended six months of age as being optimal, this was in conflict with studies by de Boorder (1989) who recommended immunisation of much younger calves, at between one and two months ofage. Immiunisation at a later age appears to be more practical where zero-grazing is practised and early contact with ticks can be controlled. This situation is rat possible in natural grazing. On the other hand, passive immunity from the mother may interfere with immunisation at a very early age; in addition, the calf may not be able to develop an effective immune response because of its immaturity. Future prospects Field ECF immunisation has so far been successful (Dolan, 1992). Five hundred pure and crossbred cattle have been vaccinated. Farmer - -
acceptance s very high and the work is progressing very ,ell in Unguja. During the trials, farmers were assured of compensation if their calves died due to ECF immunisation. This hae since been waived during field immunisation as farmers accepted the risk without promise of compencation from the Government. Towards the end 1992, farmers will start to pay for the tetracycline used during immunisation as a measure to begin cost recovery for ECF immunisation. As stated earlier, acaricides are becoming increasingly expensive and are proving hazardous to the environment. Hence, policy is now geared to the combined use of strategic dipping and immunisation. The surfacing of other tick-borne disease problems, particularly babesiosis, may overshadow the usefulness of ECF immunisation. However, the problem is being further studied and contacts with the Regional Centre for Immunisation Against Tcklorne Diseases in Malawi have been made f3z possible supply of babesia vaccine when the fear of introducing Enzootic Bovine Leukosis has been cleared by the Zanzibar Government. In Pemba, earlier trials on ECF immunisation using Pemba Mnarani stabilate showed poor safety (Crees, 1989), the trials being associated with the death of many calves, References Biwi K M. 1991. Supplementation of ECF immunized grazing calves on cut fodder (Elephant grass and tropicalkudzu). Paper presented at the ILCA Feed Resources Workshop, March 1991, Gaborone, Botswana. Burridge M J and Kimber, C D. 1972. The indirect fluorescence antibody test for experimental East Coast fever (Theileria parv.:) infection of cattle. Evaluation of cell culture schizont antige:i. ResearchIn VeterinaryMedicine. Crees J 1989. ECF immunizations- Chamanangwe.A summary of activities, disease and serological resultsfor the first nine months from October1988. Department of Livestock Development, Zanzibar, Tanzania. de Boorder, J. 1989. Preliminary report on ECF immuni-.atin trials of crossbred cattle on Pemba. Department of Livestock Development, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Dolan T T. 1992. Report on a visit to Zanzibar to review and discuss tick.borne disease control (18-21 May 1992). Unpublished report, ILRAD (International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases), Nairobi, Kenya. IrvinAD. 1984.ReprtonamissiontoevaluateEastCoast Feverin Zanzibar.ILRAD technical report. ILRAD (International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases), Nairnbi, Kenya. Irvin A D and Morzaria, S P. 1985. Reporton a mission to ibolateTheleriaparvainZanzibarandtoassessthe feasibility of conducting pilot immunizatVon trials againstEastCoastFever. Unpublished report. Juma 0 A and Shambwana, I 1985. Theileriosis in Zanzibar. In: Irvin A D (ed), Proceedings ofa joint workshop on immunization against theileriosis in Africa. pp 45-47. 116 Subsequent trials by de Boorder (1989) also did not produce results that would recommend commencement of lield immunisation in Pemba. Dr Rabia and a UOaited Nations Volunteer, Dr Rushigajiki, are now conducting ECF im munisation trials. These trials will include similar studies to those carried out in Unguja plus work on the immunisation ofcalves at young ageo. Field immunisation is expected to commence after these studies. Ticks thrive in the Zanzibar climate. In areas where there has been little use of acaricides ,o control ticks a kind of enzootic stability between tick-borne diseases and indigenous (Bos indicus) cattle has been achieved, but high mortalities have subsequently been experienced with the Bos taurus cattle and their crosses. ECF immunisation and strategic dipping appears to be feasible and important for the development of smallholder dairying. However, immunisation against other tick-borne diseases, particularly babesiosis, may have to be incorporated in the Zanzibar immunisation programme. E17F immunisation trials havejust started in the sister island of Pemba. This work should be hastened so that full field immun sation can be commenced as soon as possible. Morzaria S P Irvin, A D and Dolan T T. 1986. Immunization againstEast Coast Fever: Isolation andcharacterizationofTheileria p.rv stocks from Unguja and Pemba for use in infection and tr-uztnwnt. ILRAD technical report. ILRAD (International Laboratory for Research on Animal Disases), Nairobi, Kenyv. Morzaria S P. 1988. A systematic approach to ECF immunization in Kilifi District of Kenya Coast. In: Proceedings of a joint workshop on ECF immunization and theileriosis in East, cential and south Africa. pp 46-52. Ne'Rron R. 1976. Ticks and tickt.orne cattle disease on Zanzibar and Pemba islands. Report of an ICIPE mission. ICIPE (International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology), Nairob, Kenya. Rabia A R. 1987. ECF Immunization Trial 2, Unguja, Zanzibar. Trial -eport. Document No. 0068d. Department of Livestock Development, Zanzibar, Tanzania, in collaboration with ILRA (International Laboratory fr Research on Animal Diseases) and FAo (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). ranization oftha Natins, 3, A.abia1988. R ECF Immunization tial 3, Ungua, ,wibar Trir.l report. Document No. 0134d. Department of Livestock Development, Zanzibar, Tanzania, in collaboration with ILRAD (International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases) and FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization ofthe United Nations). Rabia A R. 1989. ECF Immunization Trial 4 and 5, Unguja, Zanzibar. Trial report. Department of Livestock Development, Zanzibar, Tanzania, in collaboration with ILRAD (International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases) and
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
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Research on smallholder dairy produ
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are a small number of productive an
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establishing a time frame sufficien
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secondary data analyses. In each ar
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facilitate greater orientation to f
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References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
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Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
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country relies on the development o
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To estimate the productivity of int
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S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
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Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
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igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
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References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
Page 65 and 66: * train a number of Kenyans for hig
Page 67 and 68: Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
Page 69 and 70: Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
Page 71 and 72: Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
Page 73 and 74: Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
Page 75 and 76: The project staff are closely invol
Page 77 and 78: Dairy goat research and extension a
Page 79 and 80: Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
Page 81 and 82: Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
Page 83 and 84: Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
Page 85 and 86: Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88: the establishment of good managemen
Page 89 and 90: Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 91 and 92: circumvent this problem the "Open N
Page 93 and 94: Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96: Research methodology Project implem
Page 97 and 98: government centre between 1935 and
Page 99 and 100: emphasis to improvements in the mil
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
Page 103 and 104: Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
Page 105 and 106: government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108: Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110: ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111 and 112: ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114: Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
Page 115: experiences so far gained and futur
Page 119 and 120: Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124: Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126: Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
Page 127 and 128: Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
Page 129 and 130: Objectives ofte research programme
Page 131 and 132: aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
Page 133 and 134: ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
Page 135 and 136: Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 137 and 138: Factors affecting the development a
Page 139 and 140: Most roads in the rural areas where
Page 141 and 142: well-focused dairy development prog
Page 143 and 144: Secure better bargaining position w
Page 145 and 146: purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148: part of the country. The cattle pop
Page 149 and 150: " to increase farm-family income of
Page 151 and 152: Recent developments in the dairy in
Page 153 and 154: Dairy development programme in Tang
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
Page 157 and 158: Table 5. Napier production on-farm
Page 159 and 160: facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 161 and 162: Smallholder dairy development progr
Page 163 and 164: various types of cattle under rural
Page 165 and 166: 38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
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labour to meet the requirements of
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Development of smallholder dairying
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Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
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Marketing options for livestock pro
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argaed that the only way to improve
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Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
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Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
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Group ranch concept and practice ir
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the land, reducing the capacity of
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Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
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upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
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the project in 1982. Infrastructura
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If all the ranches were subdivided
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This can be achieved through an ext
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Introduction of dairy cattle produc
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" a permanent water source should b
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Development of feeding strategies a
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Supplementation improved milk yield
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Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
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Summary Wool and mohair production
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contributed to low fecundity was th
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established with the following obje
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qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
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Synthesis of constraints to livesto
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i'nd appropriateness of the technol
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" Realising the magnitude of the pr
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DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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