aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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example, milk production fromindigeacus cattle was reported to range from 150 to 25 kg a year in Kenya (MLD, 1986; MLD, 1990), to average 200 kg a year in Tanzania (Ministry of Agriculture, 1972) and to average 300 kg a lactation in Ethiopia (Grybeels and And-irson, 1983). Research has also 2hown that ex'.ic breeds respond better to impiovements i.i the environmentthandindigenoujcattle(Trailand Gregory, 1981). These resu'ts thus indicate that it is possible for exotic dairy cattle to achieve their potential for milk production given aii upgraded environment in the threo production sectors. Beef cattle There seems to be no reported work relating to on-farm evaluation of beef breeds in the region. What information has been collated is on the performances of a given breed across production systems. Table 6 gives a summary comparing the performance of cattle between the traditional sector and the ranch network in Botswana. It is clear from the estimates Fiven in Table 6 that productivity is very low in the traditional cector because of low calving percentage and low weaning weight. Data from Malawi indicate that, in the Malawi Zebu, there is not much difference in age at first calving between animals in the traditional sector (3.3 years; de Koning, 1977) and those on research stations (3.2 years; Kasowanjete, 1977). The calving percentage also did not vary much between production systems (63.6 and 66.7%, respectively) (Koning, 1977; Department of Agriculture, 1972). However, there was a notable difference in the calving interval between animals in the traditional sector and those on the rcsearch station (2.4 and 1.2 years, respectivly). In Tanzania age at first calving was estimated at four years, calving interval at 1.5 years and calf mortality at 27% in indigenous cattle (Mpiri, 1990). Similarly, in Ethiopia cows did not calve until approximately four years of age (Gryseels and Anderson, 1983). Although there are variations between countries, in general the productivity of indigenous cattle in the traditional sector is lower than that ofexotic beef cattle and their crosses in the commerc:al sector. Impact of exotic cattle Based on results from research stations, and a few from farms, exotic cattle can perform better than indigenous cattle given ar improved environment. Policy makers and livestock administrateor have been aware of these advantges for a very long time. However, the question to be asked is what impact have exotic cattle made since their introduction by colonial farmers and by livestock policy makers? Beef cattle Since the introduction ofexotic beef cattle in the region they have in practical terms not spread from the large-scale commercial sector to other sectors in most countries, except in Botswana. In Botswana farmers in both the commercial and the traditional sector are implementing the recommendation to croesbred Tswana cws to Brahman blls for use under general conditions and to Simmental bulls (a dual-purpose breed) for use under conditions of improved management (as defined b I some degree of fencing for control of breeding herds, attention to disease and mineral supplements and adequate water supply at a reasonable distance). The wide spread use ofexotic breeds in Botswa-a has been made possible by the use ofa bull subsidy scheme and, most importantly, by the operation of an artificial insemination scheme for beef in the traditional sector. In terms of contribution to meat production, it seems that, in general, exotic beef cattle and their crosses have riot contributed much more than the indigenous cattle. For example, Zambia has 2.2 million head of cattle in traditional sector, almost all ofwiich are indigenous breeds, and 0.48 million heau ofcattle are in commercial sector, out of which 0.06 million head are dairy animals. The off-take rates are estimated at 6 and 15% for traditional and commercial sector, respectively (Kaluba, 1992). Thus, although the off-take rate is very low in indigenous cattle, they Table 6. Performance of beef cattle under traditional and ranch netwoikmanagementsystems in Botswana. Trait Type of management Traditional Ranch network Calving (%) 40.0 71.0 Pro-weaning mortality (%) 6.0 9.0 Weaning weight (kg) 129.0 172.0 Weight of weaner/cow per year (kg) 48.0 112.0 Source: APRU (1973). 6
contribute much more than exotic cattle and their crosses because of their larger number. The picture is similar for other countries ivthe region (except Botswana), because of the following factors: generally in this region indigenous catt.e constitute 70 to 90%of the total cattle population and the off-take rate ofindigenous cattle ranges between 3 and 10% while the off-take rate of exotic cattle and their crosses ranges between 15 and 20%. Taking into consideration the limited spread of exotic cattle said their crosses and their contributior to meat production in most countries in the region, a conclusion could be drawn that exotic beef cattle have had negligible impact on beef production in the region. Dairy cattle In general, purebred dairy cattle have spread to an appreciable extent from the large-scale commercial sector to the snall-scale sector, with the crossbred even dominating the sector. The concentration of crossbred dairy is most pronounced in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia. In Kenya the grade cattle population grew at an average rate of 8.7% per year between 1980 and 1989 (MLD, 1990), as a consequence of the upgrading of the zebu cattle. In Tanzania there was a similar rise in the dairy cattle population of 6.5% per year from 1984 to 19% as a result of upgrading of zebu cattle (MALD, 1988). In most countries there is an urgent need to increase the number of crossbred dairy maimals but progress has been constrained by a limited supply of crossbred heifers, which results in animals being too expensive for most farmers, who generally have no access to :redit facilities. There is no doubt that milk consumed in the traditional sector comes from indigenous cattle. However, unlike beef, indigenous cattle do not contribute much to the milk sold in the formal market place, References Agyemang K and Nkhonjera L P. 1986. Evaluationof the productivityofcrossbreddairy cattleon smallholder and governmentfarms in the Republic of Malawi. ILCA Research Report 12. ILCA (International Livetock Centre for Africa), Addis AbabL, Ethiopia. 39 pp. APRU (Animal Production Research Unit). 1973. Botswana beefcattleandrangeresearchprogramme in Botswana. Ministry of Agriculture, Botswana. 128 pp. APRU (Animal Production Research Unit). 1980 years of animalproduction and range researchin Botswana. Ministry of Agriculture, Botswana. 187 Department of Agriculture. 1972. Animal husbandy research 1968-1969. Annual report of the Department ofAgriculture, Malawi. 67 pp. Gryseels G and Anderson F M. 1983. Research on farm and livestock productivity in the centralEthiopian highlands: Initial results 1977-1980. ILCA Research Report 4. ILCA (Interntional Livestock Centre for frica), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 52 pp. 7 For example, in Zambia all milk marketed in formal markets is derived from exotic cattle and their crosses, while in Kenya 25%of marketed milk comes from zebu cattle (MLD, 1990). Of the milk from grade cattle marketed in Kenya, 85% is prodced by the small-scale sector and 15% is produced by the large-scale cowmercial sector. One feature which is common in almost all the countries in the region is that the number of large-scale commercial dairy farms ip decreasing. This is due tL a number of reasons, one of which is poor milk prices. This means that more and more of the milk sold wili be produced by the small-scale sector and hence the need for crossbred dairy cattle will continue to rise. Based on the extensive spread of exotic dairy cattle and their crosses from the large-scale commercial sector to the small-scale commercial sector, and the enormous contribution of these animals to rarketed milk, a deduction could be drawn that exotic cattle have made an impact and that there exists still further potential to exploit, these animals. This contribution has been possible because the improvement brought about by exotic cattle can be easily and quickly grasped by most farmers and because milk is not considered as a by-product in either the traditional sector or the small-vi.ale sector. Productivity can further be increased by putting in place workable artificial insemination services, making available crossbred heifrs, producing and conserving fodder for feeding in the dry season, providing drugs and training farmers in management skills. Based on these observations it is suggested by the author that the limited material, monetary and personnel resources available in the region can be best concentrated in the development of breeding, na;rition, health, management and marketing for dairy cattle. jahnke H E. 1982. Livestock production systems and livestock development in tropical Africa. Kieler Wisaenschaftaverlag Vauk, Kiel, Germany. Kalub E K 1992. Dairy research in Zambia. The past, present and the future. In: Mwenya W N M (ed), Proceedings of the dairy industry in Zambia. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, Lusaka, Zambia. pp 94-101. Kasowanjete M B B. 1977. Evaluationof(Malawi Zebu) beef bull performance testing at Chitedze Central bn bull perfonc Chited ee ral Testin Station. Chitedze Agicultural Research Station, Lilongwe, Malawi. 26 pp. de Koning R. 1977. Fertility in zebu cattle: Breeding performance of Malawi Zebu cattle kept under traditional systems of management (part 1) and Causes of sub-fertility (part 2). FAO!UNDP (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/United Nations Development Programme) Project, Lilongwe, Malawi. 24 pp. Lauridson C. 1979. Importation of dairy cattle in Tanzania. In: Proceedings of the 6th Scientific
Page 1 and 2: FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
Page 3 and 4: ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
Page 5 and 6: Disease control approaches Economic
Page 7 and 8: Preface John Walsh Director General
Page 9 and 10: and communal farmers develop the in
Page 11 and 12: The impact of the introduction of e
Page 13: Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
Page 17 and 18: Intensive animal feeding practices
Page 19 and 20: Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
Page 21 and 22: Table 3. Nutritional composition an
Page 23 and 24: Table 6. Nutritional composition an
Page 25 and 26: Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
Page 27 and 28: Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2. The analyical framework.
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3. Group composition and lin
Page 33 and 34: Dairy/beef production systems resea
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
Page 37 and 38: Table 5. The performance of Holstei
Page 39 and 40: Research on smallholder dairy produ
Page 41 and 42: are a small number of productive an
Page 43 and 44: establishing a time frame sufficien
Page 45 and 46: secondary data analyses. In each ar
Page 47 and 48: facilitate greater orientation to f
Page 49 and 50: References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
Page 51 and 52: Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
Page 53 and 54: country relies on the development o
Page 55 and 56: To estimate the productivity of int
Page 57 and 58: S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
Page 59 and 60: Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
Page 61 and 62: igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
Page 63 and 64: References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
Page 65 and 66:
* train a number of Kenyans for hig
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
Page 69 and 70:
Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
Page 71 and 72:
Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
Page 73 and 74:
Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
Page 75 and 76:
The project staff are closely invol
Page 77 and 78:
Dairy goat research and extension a
Page 79 and 80:
Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
Page 81 and 82:
Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
Page 83 and 84:
Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
Page 85 and 86:
Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88:
the establishment of good managemen
Page 89 and 90:
Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 91 and 92:
circumvent this problem the "Open N
Page 93 and 94:
Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96:
Research methodology Project implem
Page 97 and 98:
government centre between 1935 and
Page 99 and 100:
emphasis to improvements in the mil
Page 101 and 102:
Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
Page 103 and 104:
Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
Page 105 and 106:
government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108:
Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110:
ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111 and 112:
ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114:
Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
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experiences so far gained and futur
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acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120:
Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122:
Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
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Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126:
Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
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Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
Page 129 and 130:
Objectives ofte research programme
Page 131 and 132:
aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
Page 133 and 134:
ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
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Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 137 and 138:
Factors affecting the development a
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Most roads in the rural areas where
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well-focused dairy development prog
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Secure better bargaining position w
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purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148:
part of the country. The cattle pop
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" to increase farm-family income of
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Recent developments in the dairy in
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Dairy development programme in Tang
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Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
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Table 5. Napier production on-farm
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facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 161 and 162:
Smallholder dairy development progr
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various types of cattle under rural
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38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
Page 167 and 168:
labour to meet the requirements of
Page 169 and 170:
Development of smallholder dairying
Page 171 and 172:
Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
Page 173 and 174:
Marketing options for livestock pro
Page 175 and 176:
argaed that the only way to improve
Page 177 and 178:
Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
Page 179 and 180:
Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
Page 181 and 182:
Group ranch concept and practice ir
Page 183 and 184:
the land, reducing the capacity of
Page 185 and 186:
Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
Page 187 and 188:
upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
Page 189 and 190:
the project in 1982. Infrastructura
Page 191 and 192:
If all the ranches were subdivided
Page 193 and 194:
This can be achieved through an ext
Page 195 and 196:
Introduction of dairy cattle produc
Page 197 and 198:
" a permanent water source should b
Page 199 and 200:
Development of feeding strategies a
Page 201 and 202:
Supplementation improved milk yield
Page 203 and 204:
Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
Page 205 and 206:
Summary Wool and mohair production
Page 207 and 208:
contributed to low fecundity was th
Page 209 and 210:
established with the following obje
Page 211 and 212:
qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
Page 213 and 214:
Synthesis of constraints to livesto
Page 215 and 216:
i'nd appropriateness of the technol
Page 217 and 218:
" Realising the magnitude of the pr
Page 219 and 220:
DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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