aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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Table 2. Overview ofliterature on economics of.setse and trypanosomiasscontrolforcattle production. Benefits Type Control method Publication County Meat Milk Draft Arabla farming Dynamics of analysis Gr, "idspraying Jahnke (1974) Uganda - - - - s, 8- a Putt eta(1980) Nigeria +.- +/_ /--/- f Shaw (19386) Nigeria +/- /- + +, f Barrett (1989) Zimb"we . . . -,. f Aseal spraying Pruttet aI1980) Nigeria -,4- - +/ /- ./- sor Shaw (1986) Nigeria +/ +r Brandl (1988) Burkina Faso .t +/_ - - + p. s, f Barrett (1989) Zimbabwe ., f Trape and Band (1988) Burdna Faso +/ 4 - + p,, f screens Barrett (1989) Zimbabwe - - - a,f Cattle dipping Aiisop and Zimbabwe - - f Barrett (1988) Sedle insect Brandl (1088) Burkina Faso /_ + + P techniques Trypenocidal Jahnke (1974) Uganda ., f" Wilson e at(1975 Kenya - n na - p, f and 1986) Logan etal(1984) Mali .P, Ittyeta/(1988) Kenya + - + p, a,f (randl (1988) Burkina Faso .,_ +/- - - + p,s, f Tryptanotolirant catie J.hnke (1974) Central African Republic 4/- na +/ - +/- s, Morkramqr (1951i) el al Togo + na na +_______p,______________,____ Legend: + based on empirical data; -4+:based on estimates; -: nt acouitred for; na:not applicable: a:social; p:private; a: economic; f:financial. collaborates with national governments and on the economicsr of village cattlo production in ministries of nine countries in which sites have tsetse-affect"i areas of Africa were undertaken been established since 1983. These sites were in seven sites (Itty, 1991).At the twoEastAfrican selected on the basis of livestock breed, level of sites ofGhibe in Ethiopia and Muhaka in Kenya, tsetse infestation, level of trypanosomiasis risk, the cattle production systems used susceptible management strategy (ranch, station and East African Zebus under trypanocidal drug village) and collaboration with national govern- coverage. The traditional use oftrypanotolerant ments and research organisations (Trail et al, cattle was illustrated in three West African sites: 1989). Data were collected on tsetse flies and Gunjur and Keneba in The Gambia and animal health and productivity par- ametrs. 2 Boundiali cattle production in C6te systems l'Ivoire. using The trypanotolerant introduction of In 1987, it was decided that, with the cattle in regions devoid of bovines was examined increased availability ofcattle productivity data, through the cases ofAvetonou in Togo and Idiofa an e.onomic component could be added to the in Zaire. A tttal of 50 herds or herd groups were biological study, which encompassed entomology, examined (small herds had to be merged into livestock production. veterinary science and herd groups for the purpose of biological genetics. Between 1988 and 1991, case studies analysis). 2 Additional information about the Network and biological data collection are given in the paper by G. d'Ieteren on trypanotoltrance and in d'leteren and Trail (1988). 129
Objectives ofte research programme Five main objectives were fixed (Itty, 1991): " The application of an appropriate methodology to evaluate the economics of livestock production systems and disease control. Various authors including Grindle (1985) and McInerney (1988) have reported that the application of economic theory and appropriate methodologies fur veterinary economics has suffered from serious shortcomings. The approach proposed attempts to move a step further from relatively narrowly defined cost-benefit studies or a mechanistic application of prices to physical quantities (Grindle, 1985). " Calculation of returns to scale factors of production i.n the use of trypanotolerant cattle and trypanocidal drugs for cattle meat and milk production. " Investigation on the effects of social and private analyses on the 'xtent ofthe adoption or improvement of cattle production systems using trypanotolerant cattle or trypanocides. " Determination of the factors that influence social and private profitability of the production systems on tht basis ofinter-herd and inter-site variations, * Comparison of tsete and trypanosomiasis control methods, leading to a choice of strategies. Implementation of the research programme The study is centred around a cost-benefit analysis enhanced by a dynamic herd simulation model and rapid rural appraisal (RRtA). A social-level economic analysis was conduct* d to evaluate the benefits and costs of the herds to the overall economy of the countries examined. A private-level financial analysis was conducted to examine the financial profits to cattle producers. Since a trypanosomiasis control programme involves several majur participants (tl. .-.. ate, the livestock development authority, producers, herdsmen, tr',ders, consumers etc) who share the costs and bnefits, interest was focused on the returns to the overall economy. On the micro-level, success ofa control programme rests primarily on the performance of cattle owners who are the main beneficiaries, hence the justification of the private-level analysis. Costs and benefits were projected for a 10-year period using the ILCA Bio-Economic Herd Model for Microcomputer. The ILCA model is a deterministic dynamic model which simulates herd evolution, production and economic performance over a 10-year period from base parameters on herd structure, productivity and economic phenomena (von Kaufmann et al, 1990). 3 Data collected monthly over three to four years by the ATLN were used to derive baseline biological data for each herd (milk off-take was an exception as data were recorded daily). An economic survey and an RRA conducted once at each site provided the economic data and qualitative information on the cattle systems. The focus is on returns derived from milk and meat, although it is r2cognised that other functions, socio-economic aspects and products of cattle are also very important, but they could only be covered qualitatively through the RRA. For the RRA information was collected from three sources: secondary data, group interviews with farmers (using a semni-structured questionnaire) and discussions with key informants. The information was cross-checked and pooled in a triangulation process (McCracken et al, 1988). Implementation The economic component was conducted by the author after the literature review was completed and after the methodology had been determined and the questionnaire tested. Prior to 3ata collection, information on the planned work was sent to the ATLN field staff One month was spent in each country for collection of economic data and socio-economic information. Economic data included the type and quantity of inputs used, information on veterinary services and market and shadow prices. For the latter, information had to be collected from ministries and resident economists (World Bank, ILCA, Harvard Institute for International Development etc), usually located in capitals, and from the literature. For the interviews, int.rpreters were made available by the ATLN field project. Access to local authorities, extension agents, vetna l authoreseeson as veterinarians and cther resource persons was greatly facilitated Iy ATLN staff. Upon completion of the field work the herd model was adapted and finalised and the initial analysis was carried out at ILCA headquarters. Close contacts and discussions with colleagues in ILCA's Livestock Economics Division and at the ATLN coordinating office were most useful as methodological improvements were made and biological ez-a re-analysed to correspond to the needs of tb economic analysis. This resulted in delays in the final analyses, which were carried out in Switzerland. However, the quality of results was considerably enhanced. Evaluation of the research programme Collaboration and local inutitutions The research programme benefited considerably from being carried out under the auspices of 3 Correspondence concerning the model and its acquisition should be addressed to: The Head, Livestock Economics Division, ILCA, P 0 Box 5689 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 130
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
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Research on smallholder dairy produ
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are a small number of productive an
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establishing a time frame sufficien
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secondary data analyses. In each ar
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facilitate greater orientation to f
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References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
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Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
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country relies on the development o
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To estimate the productivity of int
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S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
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Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
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igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
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References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
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* train a number of Kenyans for hig
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Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
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Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
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Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
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Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
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The project staff are closely invol
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Page 79 and 80: Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
Page 81 and 82: Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
Page 83 and 84: Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
Page 85 and 86: Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88: the establishment of good managemen
Page 89 and 90: Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 91 and 92: circumvent this problem the "Open N
Page 93 and 94: Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96: Research methodology Project implem
Page 97 and 98: government centre between 1935 and
Page 99 and 100: emphasis to improvements in the mil
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
Page 103 and 104: Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
Page 105 and 106: government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108: Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110: ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111 and 112: ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114: Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
Page 115 and 116: experiences so far gained and futur
Page 117 and 118: acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120: Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124: Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126: Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
Page 127: Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
Page 131 and 132: aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
Page 133 and 134: ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
Page 135 and 136: Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 137 and 138: Factors affecting the development a
Page 139 and 140: Most roads in the rural areas where
Page 141 and 142: well-focused dairy development prog
Page 143 and 144: Secure better bargaining position w
Page 145 and 146: purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148: part of the country. The cattle pop
Page 149 and 150: " to increase farm-family income of
Page 151 and 152: Recent developments in the dairy in
Page 153 and 154: Dairy development programme in Tang
Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
Page 157 and 158: Table 5. Napier production on-farm
Page 159 and 160: facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 161 and 162: Smallholder dairy development progr
Page 163 and 164: various types of cattle under rural
Page 165 and 166: 38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
Page 167 and 168: labour to meet the requirements of
Page 169 and 170: Development of smallholder dairying
Page 171 and 172: Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
Page 173 and 174: Marketing options for livestock pro
Page 175 and 176: argaed that the only way to improve
Page 177 and 178: Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
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Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
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Group ranch concept and practice ir
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the land, reducing the capacity of
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Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
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upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
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the project in 1982. Infrastructura
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If all the ranches were subdivided
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This can be achieved through an ext
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Introduction of dairy cattle produc
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" a permanent water source should b
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Development of feeding strategies a
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Supplementation improved milk yield
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Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
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Summary Wool and mohair production
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contributed to low fecundity was th
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established with the following obje
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qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
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Synthesis of constraints to livesto
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i'nd appropriateness of the technol
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" Realising the magnitude of the pr
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DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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