aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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In this study marketing and prices of milk have not posed any problem at either the highland or the subhumid sites. Although the highland site is within the radius of the government milk collection scheme, farmers preferred the traditional marketing system in which they sold the product directly to consumers at a negotiable price. This price was generally higher than that offered by the Ethiopian Dairy Development Enterprise. The subhumid site, a distance from the collection scheme, also relied on a traditional marketing system. Studies showed that at both sites milk was sold fresh and supply fell far short ofdemand resulting in. a continuous price rise. Reproductive performance Originally it had beer, planned to use artificial insemination (Al) at the highland project site and natural service at the subhumid zone site. The extension division of the Ministry of Agriculture provided AI services in the highland site area, however, as the project progressed it was found that farmers were not efficient in either heat detection or early reporting. As a result, the timely synchronisation of the insemination of cows was not achieved. The project team, therefore, decided to use natural mating. In both sites, the breeding scheme has not ben attractive as farmers have had to rely on borrowed bulls from the research centres. An attempt was made to adopt seasonal breeding and farmers were told to report to the research centre well ahead of a planned mating season in order to be able to borrow breeding bulls on time. This arrangement did not work out smoothly due to farmers'unfamiliarity with heat detection and their not being able to appreciate the importance of timely mating to facili..ate conception. An assessment showed that feed shortages in the dry season resulted in poor fertility.Although grass/legume hay was produced and given as supplementary feed to cows, no farmer produced enough surplus to take the animals through to the dry season. Another factor that negatively affected reproductive performance was the incidence of abortion. A few cows aborted and that seemed to discourage the cooperating farmers; causes of this phenomenon have yet to be determined, Animal health Major health rtoblems encountered were liver fluke and ticks at the highland site and bacterial infection diseases and ticks at the subhumid site. Four cows and thuee calves died at the highland site while no deths were recorded at the latter site. Causes of mortality were not determined as farmers reported cases too late for laboratory investigation. In addition, a shortage of drugs and acaricides coupled with the lack of fuel for the vehicles to visit the farms affected the smooth progress of the project. 54 Disease and parasite control remains a major concern, t specially for dairy cattle and upgraded cows as tl ey are usually much more susceptible to health problems than indigenous animals. A competent veterinary service is essential to overcome these problems, however, shortage of veterinary staff and the lack of cheap prophylactic and treatment drugs remains significant to effective disease control measures. Calf growth and cow body condition Calves were allowed to suckle colostrum for the first 4-5 days after parturition. Thereafter, their access to dams was limited to a few minutes before and after each milking. They grazed around the homestead on natural pasture at Holetta and on Rhodes grass established pasture at Bako and their feed was supplemented with hay and concentrates whenever available. Growth patterns of the calves born at Bako are indicated in Figure 1. Friesian cross calves consistently grew at a faster rate than the Jersey crosses. Their average on-farm weights at three months (89 kg) and six months (165 kg) were even better than on-station weights where the means of 73 and 114 kg, respectively, were reported (Sendros et al, 1987). This better on-farm performance was achieved probably because calves grazed on improved pasture throughout the dry season as opposed to the calves on-station wlich were kept on natural pasture. It is a common phenomenon in a tropical environment for animals to deteriorate in condition during the dry period and regain condition in the wet season. Cow weight fluctuations for six months at Holetta and nine months at Bako are indicated in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. Data was lacking to show the full seasonal fluctuation trends over a one-year period. However, cows tended to continue losing weight until March. Project achievements Various shortcomings encountered during project implementation hindered achievement of the objectives. Nevertheless, the following were some indicative observations: • Improved technology transfer: This project revealed that the transfer livestock production technology (breed, health and nutrition) has a significant effect on augmenting the income of farmers under highland and subhumid zone conditions of Ethiopia. * Farmers'assessment: All farmers were invariably of the opinion that one F1 crossbred cow was superior to indigenous cows and was equivalent in milk production to at least four indigenous milking cows. The nu<strong>mb</strong>er of project and non-project farmers willing to acquire crossbred cows was far in excess of supply.
igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat BakD (ubMWd mNaXhtze dknat) &pto sixmonfta of Weight of calf (kg) 200 180 165 160 140 120 100 e9 80 605 40 24 21 40 20 U 0 3 6 Age of calf (months) Barka FrIesfan C Barka Jersey Sustainedperformance:It has been possible Multidisciplinary approach: The IAR to show the possibility of maintaining scientists gained experience in the reasonable performance levels )n-farm organisation of multidisciplinary research comparable to on-station levels, teams and on-farm research approach. Figure2. Liveweight patterns ofFdesancows on-farm atHoletta. Weight of cows (1z) 390 386 380 373 370 365 360 355 860 345 340 Jan Feb i Mar Months (1992) 55 I Apr May
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
Page 3 and 4:
ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
Page 9 and 10: and communal farmers develop the in
Page 11 and 12: The impact of the introduction of e
Page 13 and 14: Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
Page 15 and 16: contribute much more than exotic ca
Page 17 and 18: Intensive animal feeding practices
Page 19 and 20: Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
Page 21 and 22: Table 3. Nutritional composition an
Page 23 and 24: Table 6. Nutritional composition an
Page 25 and 26: Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
Page 27 and 28: Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2. The analyical framework.
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3. Group composition and lin
Page 33 and 34: Dairy/beef production systems resea
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
Page 37 and 38: Table 5. The performance of Holstei
Page 39 and 40: Research on smallholder dairy produ
Page 41 and 42: are a small number of productive an
Page 43 and 44: establishing a time frame sufficien
Page 45 and 46: secondary data analyses. In each ar
Page 47 and 48: facilitate greater orientation to f
Page 49 and 50: References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
Page 51 and 52: Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
Page 53 and 54: country relies on the development o
Page 55 and 56: To estimate the productivity of int
Page 57 and 58: S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
Page 59: Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
Page 63 and 64: References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
Page 65 and 66: * train a number of Kenyans for hig
Page 67 and 68: Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
Page 69 and 70: Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
Page 71 and 72: Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
Page 73 and 74: Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
Page 75 and 76: The project staff are closely invol
Page 77 and 78: Dairy goat research and extension a
Page 79 and 80: Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
Page 81 and 82: Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
Page 83 and 84: Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
Page 85 and 86: Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88: the establishment of good managemen
Page 89 and 90: Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 91 and 92: circumvent this problem the "Open N
Page 93 and 94: Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96: Research methodology Project implem
Page 97 and 98: government centre between 1935 and
Page 99 and 100: emphasis to improvements in the mil
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
Page 103 and 104: Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
Page 105 and 106: government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108: Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110: ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111 and 112:
ments to maintain dipping infrastru
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Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
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experiences so far gained and futur
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acceptance s very high and the work
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Sustainable control methods for tic
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Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
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Summary New vaccine strategies agai
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Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
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Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
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Objectives ofte research programme
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aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
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ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
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Summary Smallholder dairy productio
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Factors affecting the development a
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Most roads in the rural areas where
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well-focused dairy development prog
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Secure better bargaining position w
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purchase fuel and lubricants in the
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part of the country. The cattle pop
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" to increase farm-family income of
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Recent developments in the dairy in
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Dairy development programme in Tang
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Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
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Table 5. Napier production on-farm
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facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
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Smallholder dairy development progr
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various types of cattle under rural
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38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
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labour to meet the requirements of
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Development of smallholder dairying
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Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
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Marketing options for livestock pro
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argaed that the only way to improve
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Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
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Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
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Group ranch concept and practice ir
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the land, reducing the capacity of
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Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
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upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
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the project in 1982. Infrastructura
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If all the ranches were subdivided
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This can be achieved through an ext
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Introduction of dairy cattle produc
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" a permanent water source should b
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Development of feeding strategies a
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Supplementation improved milk yield
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Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
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Summary Wool and mohair production
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contributed to low fecundity was th
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established with the following obje
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qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
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Synthesis of constraints to livesto
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i'nd appropriateness of the technol
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" Realising the magnitude of the pr
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DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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