aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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nutrition, inadequate disease and parasite control, poor management and low genetic production potential of indigenous animals, The research programme was developed within the framework of government policy and from the mandate of Bunda College of Agriculture. The objectives of the research programme were: , to identify production constraints and production potentials in the existing dairy and beef systems " to develop technological solutions to production constraints " to test the technclogical packages on smallholder farms " te evaluate adoption of technologies by farmers and " to train Malawian scientists. Development of the research programme The Malawi Government's policy regarding livectock has three objectives: • to meet the demand for animal protein in both rural and urban populations " to achieve self-sufficiency in meat and dairy products and to export any surplus and " to provide farm power from work oxen. These aspirations have not been fully met. Malawi is still not self-sufficient in animal protein, particularly in rural areas. Some of the blame has been attributed to the greater emphasis on the development of crops rather than livestock. FAO (1985) data indicate that only 9% of the Malawi's foc protein is ofanimal origin, compared with averages of 20% for other developing countries and 57% for developed countries. The problem of ensuring sufficient protein in the Malawi diet is made difficult by the rapidly increasing human population, which is growing at over 3.0% a year. This factor has been compounded by the influx of refugees, particularly from Mozrmbique. Much of the research conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture and the University of Malawi has been applied research in agriculture, The two institutions have undergone extensive restructuring to improve the delivery ofservices and operational efficiency. In addition, private organisations andparastatals, which include the Malawi Dairy Indu3tries, Cold Storage Company and the Grain and Milling company, have been formed to help in the development of the livestock sector. In 1983, a livestock and meat study was commissioned to produce guidelines for future development of livestock production. Originally, it was planned that the beef/dairy project would be conducted in four representative agro-ecological zones of the country. After consultations with the Ministry of Agriculture, it was decided that this project 28 should encompass the whole country. It was later envisaged that the project would facilitate the regional postgraduate MSc course in animal science at Bunda College ofAgriculture. Evolution/development of the research programme The Dairy/Beef Production Systems (Malawi) Project was formulated in 1986 by a multidisciplinary research team from the Bunda College of Agriculture (University of Malawi) and the Chitedze Research Station (Ministry of Agriculture). Funding was obtained from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada, in January 1987. The approach of the research project was on the lines of a large-scale farming systems study. The research programme was proposed to run in two phases: •Phase 1 (1988-90) - Diagnostic/monitoring surveys, on-station trials and MSc training in Year 1; on-station trials and on-farm trials and formulation ofon-firm recommendations in years 2 and 3 • Phase 2 (1991-93) - Continue with trials that were not accommodated in Phase 1; address problems identified by monitoring studies; hold a workshop and develop extension recommendations. Implementation of the programme The focus of activities in Year 1 was on identifying constraints and potential production opportunities in the existing dairy and beef production systems and on training Malawian scientists. A diagnostic survey was carried out in all the eight Agricultural Development Divisions(ADD) of the country. In addition, two graduate students enrolled at Bunda College of Agriculture (University of Malawi) to pursue MSc courses in animal breeding and agricultural economics (livestock). The graduate students' research was within the project's framework of objectives. In the second year, the major focus was on developing technological solutions to production constraints that had been identified and on testing solutions on smallholder farms. In addition, monitoring studies were carried out in all the target areas to ascertain whether production constraints identified by the diagnostic survey in the first year presented real problems. The other objectives were achieved by conducting experiments and trials on-station and on-farm. During the year, pasture utilisation experiments were also established. Achievements and failures The programme had some success in meeting its objrtives during years 1 and 2. However, not all
Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry production In Malawi (% of respondents). Disease/nutritional disorders Restricted grazing areas No dip tank Housing Scarcity of feed (concentrates) Low prices of produce Others Source: Beef/Dairy Production System (Malawf) Project (1988). the planned studies were completed due to the turnover of team members. The objective of evaluating adoption of technologies by farmers was transferred to phase 2. This report emphasises the results ofstudies conducted in years 1 and 2. Diagnostic survey Production constraints and potentials of existing dairy/beef production systems are summarised in Table 2. Predominant constraints included diseases and nutritional disorders, restricted grazing areas, poor housing, lack of dip tanks and scarcity of feed, such as concentrates. All these are endogenous factors since they are affected by decisions made by individual farmers, Constraints in stall-feeding systems were: " lack of feed " lack of cash to buy feed " disease and nutritional disorders and " long disposal time after the animals were finished and ready for the market, The most important diseases, in descending order, were: East Coast fever, trypanosomiasis, lumpy skin disease, foot-and-mouth disease and blackquarter (Zimba, 1990) (Table 3). Disease occurrence varied between ADDs. East Cost fever was the most persistent and wide-spread disease in the central and northern regions while trypanosomiasiswasmoreevidentinSalimaand Mzuzu. Parasites, e.g. roundworms, ticks and liver flukes, seem to be more prevalent in Lilongwe and the southern region. Beef Dairy Veterinary Veterinary Farmers assistants Farmers assistants 41.0 38.4 31.2 47.6 23.6 26.6 10.9 16.9 14.7 7.2 2.0 0.4 4.5 10.3 4.5 14.8 - - 21.2 3.9 - 0.1 4.3 - Animals are commonly vaccinated against foot-and-mouth, lumpy skin disease and blackquarter. Over 60% of the farmers deworm cattle that are sick and over 70% dipped their cattle. Dairy cattle do not walk to dip tanks but are sprayed on the farms using a hand sprayer. Socio-economic constraints on smallholder dairy production in the Lilongwe milkshed area A study was initiated to determine the major socio-economic constraints on smallholder dairy production in the Lilongwe milkshed area. The survey indicated that the major constraints on smallholder dairy production in the Lilongwe milkshed area included the following endogenous factors: inadequate land, lack of dairy foundation stock, ignorance and poor management (Annual Technical Report, Beef/Dairy Project, 1988). Exogenous factors observed were caused by marketing problems, resulting in sour milk, delayed payments and low milk prices. From these constraints, a set of measures were developed including intensification of alley cropping, flexibility on the mandatory prerequisite for potential dairy farmers to have at least 1.21 ha of pasture, expansion ofbreeding programmes, assessment of technical and economic feasibility,the promotion ofalternative livestock species such as goats and sheep, involvement of private breeders in multiplying the foundation stock, intensification of dairy extension programmes on general management, Table 3. Major diseases and parasites as reported by veterinary assistants. Disease/parasite % of respondents East Coast fever 22.6 Worms: liver fluke, wiceworms, roundworms 18.6 Trypanosomiasis Lumpy skin disease Blackquarter Anaplasmosis Other* Foot and mouth dsease, tuberculosis, rinderpest etc. 29 14.4 12.6 8.2 8.0 15.6
Page 1 and 2: FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
Page 3 and 4: ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
Page 5 and 6: Disease control approaches Economic
Page 7 and 8: Preface John Walsh Director General
Page 9 and 10: and communal farmers develop the in
Page 11 and 12: The impact of the introduction of e
Page 13 and 14: Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
Page 15 and 16: contribute much more than exotic ca
Page 17 and 18: Intensive animal feeding practices
Page 19 and 20: Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
Page 21 and 22: Table 3. Nutritional composition an
Page 23 and 24: Table 6. Nutritional composition an
Page 25 and 26: Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
Page 27 and 28: Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2. The analyical framework.
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3. Group composition and lin
Page 33: Dairy/beef production systems resea
Page 37 and 38: Table 5. The performance of Holstei
Page 39 and 40: Research on smallholder dairy produ
Page 41 and 42: are a small number of productive an
Page 43 and 44: establishing a time frame sufficien
Page 45 and 46: secondary data analyses. In each ar
Page 47 and 48: facilitate greater orientation to f
Page 49 and 50: References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
Page 51 and 52: Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
Page 53 and 54: country relies on the development o
Page 55 and 56: To estimate the productivity of int
Page 57 and 58: S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
Page 59 and 60: Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
Page 61 and 62: igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
Page 63 and 64: References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
Page 65 and 66: * train a number of Kenyans for hig
Page 67 and 68: Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
Page 69 and 70: Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
Page 71 and 72: Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
Page 73 and 74: Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
Page 75 and 76: The project staff are closely invol
Page 77 and 78: Dairy goat research and extension a
Page 79 and 80: Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
Page 81 and 82: Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
Page 83 and 84: Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
Page 85 and 86:
Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88:
the establishment of good managemen
Page 89 and 90:
Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 91 and 92:
circumvent this problem the "Open N
Page 93 and 94:
Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96:
Research methodology Project implem
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government centre between 1935 and
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emphasis to improvements in the mil
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Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
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Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
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government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108:
Disease control approaches
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ditions occur mostly in calves and
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ments to maintain dipping infrastru
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Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
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experiences so far gained and futur
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acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120:
Sustainable control methods for tic
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Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
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Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126:
Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
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Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
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Objectives ofte research programme
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aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
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ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
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Summary Smallholder dairy productio
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Factors affecting the development a
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Most roads in the rural areas where
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well-focused dairy development prog
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Secure better bargaining position w
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purchase fuel and lubricants in the
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part of the country. The cattle pop
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" to increase farm-family income of
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Recent developments in the dairy in
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Dairy development programme in Tang
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Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
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Table 5. Napier production on-farm
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facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
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Smallholder dairy development progr
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various types of cattle under rural
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38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
Page 167 and 168:
labour to meet the requirements of
Page 169 and 170:
Development of smallholder dairying
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Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
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Marketing options for livestock pro
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argaed that the only way to improve
Page 177 and 178:
Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
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Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
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Group ranch concept and practice ir
Page 183 and 184:
the land, reducing the capacity of
Page 185 and 186:
Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
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upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
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the project in 1982. Infrastructura
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If all the ranches were subdivided
Page 193 and 194:
This can be achieved through an ext
Page 195 and 196:
Introduction of dairy cattle produc
Page 197 and 198:
" a permanent water source should b
Page 199 and 200:
Development of feeding strategies a
Page 201 and 202:
Supplementation improved milk yield
Page 203 and 204:
Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
Page 205 and 206:
Summary Wool and mohair production
Page 207 and 208:
contributed to low fecundity was th
Page 209 and 210:
established with the following obje
Page 211 and 212:
qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
Page 213 and 214:
Synthesis of constraints to livesto
Page 215 and 216:
i'nd appropriateness of the technol
Page 217 and 218:
" Realising the magnitude of the pr
Page 219 and 220:
DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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