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Table 4. Milk production and reproductive peronnanceofMpwapwa cattle at Bereg/. SD 2 Parameter N' Mean Milk yield (kg) 3 30 1626 .3 Daily milk yisld 30 5.5 1.1 (kg/d) Lactation length 30 300 17 (days) Calving Interval 18 498 97 (days) Age at first 10 33 9.7 calving (months) 1. Number of observations. 2. Standard deviation, 3. Mill yield for the first three lactaticas and excludes tho ,,',ount suckled by the calf. The mean lactation yield of the Mpwapwa cattle at Berege was within the values reported on-station (Mpiri, 1982; Mkonyi, 1983, Kasonta, 1988). The similarity was expected since the general cattle management practices were more or less similar. The mean age at first calving was 33 months and is lower than the range of 37-50 months reported on-station (Katyega, 1981; Getz et al, 1986; Kasonta, 1988). This might probobly be due to the fact that farmers mated their heifers at an earlier age compared to thoue on-station where a strict mating schedule (after attaining 200 kg or at two years) was adhered to. On the other hand, it can not be completely ruled out that heifers on-farm attained an optimum liveweight at first mating (Stobbs, 1967) much earlier than those reared on-station. This could be possible due to a faster growth rate resulting from better feeding and general management of the relatively smaller herds. The mean calving interval of498 days, witha standard deviation of 97 days is within the range reported earlier (Das et al, 1986; Kasonta, 1988). The apparently longer calving interval of .he Mpwapwa cattle at Berege may be associated with a number of factors, such as inability of the farmer to detect heat, early embryonic mortality and the failure by the farmers to obtain the oreeding bull at the correct time (Kasonta et al, 1990). The long calving intervals of the Mpwapwa cattle on-station may be attributed to some level of sub-fertility due to moderate undernutrition and the rigid mating seasons (Kasonta, 1988). In general, the milk production and reproductive performance of the Mpwapwa cattle under farmer management in Berege does not differ significantly from that et LPRI, Mpwapwa. However, some other management aspects deserve mention at this point. The 86 farmers who were keen to establish and manage the IFGs, were able to get adequate feeds to carry their animals through the dry season, hence maintaining milk production and growth of the animals for a relatively longer time than those who were not. This fact may explain the observed variations performance. in milk production and reproductive Similarly, a good proportion of the cooperating farmers, especially those with donkey carts adopted the technology of collection and conservation of cereal stovers under shed in the fields near the cattle kraals fRr use during the critical feed shortage period. However, the farmers who did not own donkey-carts stacked the stover loose in the fields near the homesteads. It has been deduced that those farmers who had adopted the feed conservation strategies that were recommended had adequate feeds for their 'vestock. This enabled their animals to remain in production and in good condition for longer periods (Kasonta et al, 1990). During the diagnostic survey, it was observed that a local water melon ecotype was intercropped in cereal fields, and fed to cattle during the dry season mainly as a source of water. This was a local initiative and technology in the area, that attracted the interest of researchers and hence warranted further study and development. A quick survey was conducted in Berege Village in the 1988/89 season as a follow-up to this. The objective was to gain an insight to the melon production characteristics within the existing farming system (Kusekwa et al, 1990). The results of the survey revealed that the spacing between the water melon plants within the intercrop situation ranged from 0.5 to 11.5 m giving a plant population of between 1000 to 6000 plants/ha. The fruit numbers ranged from 3000 to 20,000 per ha with a fresh weight per fruit of 1 to 27 kg, giving an estimated one hectare yield of 5 to 10 tons (Kusekwa et al, 1990). The details of the nutritional aspects of the water melons have recently been documented (Shayo, 1992). Implementation priblems and solutions The most recent report showed that the Mpwapwa cattle population at Berege had more than tripled, i.e. the total populatlon was over 70 (Anon, 1991). About 16 head of cattle, momtly bulls, had been sold either within the vi!age er at auction markets outside Berege, at prices ranging from TSh 65,000 (US$ 217) o T.Sh 120,000 (US$ t100) per animal depending on where they were sold. There are implications to this. Fprmers realised that they could mauke substantial profit by selling their surplus animals at auction markets rather than within the village and that if an oppropriate breeding programme was not adopted, inbreeding would soon become a serious problem hind.ring further improvemen', in livestock productivity. To
circumvent this problem the "Open Nucleus Breeding Scheme" was proposed(Kasonta, 1989; Kasonta and Nitter, 1990; Kasonta et al, 1990) for introduction and is expected to start soon. The scheme will involve the Mpwapwa cattle population outside the nucleus at LPRI Mpwapwa, i.e. the Berege and Hombolo herds, as bull multipliers. These herds could receive on a regular basis breeding stock of both males arid surplus females from the nucleus and in turn provide production herds with bulls and females. The availability of improved breeding animals for wider distribution to livestock keepers in the country, is a critical input that should be addressed if livestock production in the traditional sector is to be boosted. The introduction of appropriate cattle breeding strategies in the small herds in the villages with improved animals, is of paramount importance in minimising the detrimental effects of inbreeding. Apart from this, the most productive females on-farm will be screened and introduced into the nucleus as part of the nucleus replacement cows in a multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) programme. Such a breeding scheme was not only found appropriate in avoiding detrimental effects of inbreeding in such small herds, but also ensured continuity of genetic improvement in the population (Smith, 1988; Kasonta and Nitter, 1990). Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support rendered by IDRC, WFP and the Ministry of Agriculture during the project execution. The strong commitment by the members of the research team during the surveys and on-farm project operations is highly appreciated. The authors wish to express their heartfelt gratitude to ILCAfor financing the case Concluding remarkzs Much could be done in improving the incomes study and for inviting us to attend and present the results of this work at this important workshop. and standard of living of the smallholder livestock keeper in central Tanzania through introduction of improved genetic material coupled with improved feeding and general management. Last but not least, we would like to thank the Zonal Director and the Commissioner of Research and Training Division of the Ministry of Agriculture, for allowing us to undertake the case study. References CIMMYT (Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo). 1978. A - occasionalseries ofpapers and notes on methodol,,y andprocedures useful in FSR and in economic .nterpretationofAgricultural experiments. No. 14, 1985. Tbaching notes on the diagnostic phase of OFR/FSP concepts, principles and procedures. CIMMYT Da S M, Mgheni M, Msechu J K K and Mpiri D B. 1986. Association between milk production and reproduction and reproductive efficiency in Mpwapwa cattle and their crosses. Proceedings of 13th Scientific Conference of TSAP, Arusha, Tanzania. French M H. ) 957. Nutritional value of tropical grasses and fodders. HerbageAbstrocts 27:1-9. Getz W R, Hutchison H G, Kyomo M L, Macha AM and Mpiri D B. 1986. Development of dual-purpose cattle composite in the Tropics. In: Proceedingsof the 3rd World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production,Lincoln, Nebraska. Vol. XI. pp. 493-498. Kasonta J S. 1988. Populationanalysis and n.odel calculationsfor breedingscheme in the Mpwopwa cattle of Tanzania. PhD thesis, University of Hohenheim, Germany. 218pp. Kasonta J 3. 1989. Establishment of open nucleus breedingsystem with multipleovulationandembryo transfer in the Mpwapwa cattle breeding project proposal LPRI (Livestock Production Research Institute), Mpwapwa, Trnzania. KasontaJS, RushalazaVGandKusekwaML. 1990.The performance of Mpwapwa breed cattle by small holder dairy farmers in Berege village. Research and T-ainingNewsletter 4:4-7. Kasonta J S and Nitter G. 1990. Efficiency of nucleus breeding schemes in dual-purpose cattle of Tanzania. Animal ProductionZ0:245-251. 87 Katyega P M J. 1981. P iuction traits in Egyptian water- buffaloes and Mpwapwa cattle. Tanzania VeterinaryBulletin 3:26- 34. Kiwuwa G H and Kyomo M L. 1971. Milk composition and yield characteristics of Mpwapwa cattle. East African Agriculturaland Forestry Journal 36: 290-295. Kusekwa M L, Msafiri D N, Kitalyi A J, Msechu J K K and Ulotu H A. 1990. Water-melon (Citrullus vulgaris): An important non-conventionas livestock feed in semi-arid Central Tanzania. Procdingsof 17th Scientific Conference.TSAP (Tranzania Social of Animal Production), Arusha, Tanzania. LPRI (Livestock Production Research Institute). 1983. Livestock productionresearchinstitute int,oductory pamphlet, LPRI Bulletin No. 01, March 1983. ?rintpak (T) Ltd. Dares Salaam, 'Tanzania. LPRI (Livestock Production Research Institute). 1986. Annual Report, Livestock Production Systems (Tanzania).Project No. 3-P-84-007, TALIRO/IDRC, LPRI Mpwapwa, Tanzania. LPRI (Livestock Production Research Institute). 199). Annual Report, Livestock Production Systems (Tanzania). Project No. 3-P-88-00326 MALD/IDRC, LPRI Mpwapwa, Tanzania. MacfarlaneJS. 1971. Evolutionarydevinopmentefdual. purpose zebu cattle (The Mpwapwa breed prject). In: A review of livestock research in Tanzania, 1950-1970.Ministry ofAgriculture, Dar es S:Jaam, Tanzania. MALD (Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development). 1984. T1inzania livestock cenqus (provisional report) MALD, Dar es Salaam, T2nzarna. MALD (Ministry of Agriculture nnd Liveilrck Das,'!opeiQ:t). 1988. Livestock census (1984), Govcrzunent Printer, Dares Salsam, Tanzania.
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
Page 39 and 40: Research on smallholder dairy produ
Page 41 and 42: are a small number of productive an
Page 43 and 44: establishing a time frame sufficien
Page 45 and 46: secondary data analyses. In each ar
Page 47 and 48: facilitate greater orientation to f
Page 49 and 50: References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
Page 51 and 52: Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
Page 53 and 54: country relies on the development o
Page 55 and 56: To estimate the productivity of int
Page 57 and 58: S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
Page 59 and 60: Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
Page 61 and 62: igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
Page 63 and 64: References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
Page 65 and 66: * train a number of Kenyans for hig
Page 67 and 68: Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
Page 69 and 70: Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
Page 71 and 72: Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
Page 73 and 74: Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
Page 75 and 76: The project staff are closely invol
Page 77 and 78: Dairy goat research and extension a
Page 79 and 80: Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
Page 81 and 82: Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
Page 83 and 84: Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
Page 85 and 86: Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88: the establishment of good managemen
Page 89: Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 93 and 94: Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96: Research methodology Project implem
Page 97 and 98: government centre between 1935 and
Page 99 and 100: emphasis to improvements in the mil
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
Page 103 and 104: Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
Page 105 and 106: government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108: Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110: ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111 and 112: ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114: Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
Page 115 and 116: experiences so far gained and futur
Page 117 and 118: acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120: Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124: Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126: Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
Page 127 and 128: Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
Page 129 and 130: Objectives ofte research programme
Page 131 and 132: aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
Page 133 and 134: ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
Page 135 and 136: Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 137 and 138: Factors affecting the development a
Page 139 and 140: Most roads in the rural areas where
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well-focused dairy development prog
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Secure better bargaining position w
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purchase fuel and lubricants in the
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part of the country. The cattle pop
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" to increase farm-family income of
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Recent developments in the dairy in
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Dairy development programme in Tang
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Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
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Table 5. Napier production on-farm
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facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
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Smallholder dairy development progr
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various types of cattle under rural
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38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
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labour to meet the requirements of
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Development of smallholder dairying
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Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
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Marketing options for livestock pro
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argaed that the only way to improve
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Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
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Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
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Group ranch concept and practice ir
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the land, reducing the capacity of
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Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
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upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
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the project in 1982. Infrastructura
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If all the ranches were subdivided
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This can be achieved through an ext
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Introduction of dairy cattle produc
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" a permanent water source should b
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Development of feeding strategies a
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Supplementation improved milk yield
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Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
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Summary Wool and mohair production
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contributed to low fecundity was th
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established with the following obje
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qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
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Synthesis of constraints to livesto
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i'nd appropriateness of the technol
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" Realising the magnitude of the pr
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DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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