aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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Importance of strong research-extension linkages in increasing livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa M.L. Kyome Southern African Centre for Cooperation in Agricultural Research and Training, Private Bag 00108, Gaborone, Botswana did not get enough to eat and food emergencies Summary remain an all-too-frequent reminder of poverty. To fight hunger, African countries need economic The hypothesis In !his paper is that the flow of growth and food security, which implies food information from agricultural research to availability and access or capacity to purchase farmingcommunities and vice versa requires that food. If the human popuiation continues to grow continous contact be maintained by individuals at about 2% a year, food production should grow able to make information comprehensible to by at least 4% per year if the region is to meet farmers.These individuals are extension workers and are at the centre of information flow. They the demand for food. remain the link between research workers and Agricuitural research and extension the farmers. U the link is weak then agricultural institutions can help bring about this increabed productivity will not increase. The link can be production. However, these institutions cannot strengthened in sevral ways including operate in a vacuum, irrespective of how good Improved collaboration between research and they maybe. There are a nu<strong>mb</strong>erofprerequisites extension. Both groups must ]cam to package for research and extension to operate information so that It may be readily understood successfully. Firstly, there must be government by the farmers they are expected to serve. Extension should not be the perogative of publtc commitment to agriculture and agricultural Institutions. Private and non-governmental research and extension. This presupposes that organisations can also play an important role in economic policies must be supportive of the transfer of technology to farmers. Therefore agriculture and the institutional environment these organisations need to be fed with must be supportive of research and extension. information from research. Second, public research and extension should not work in isolation (Figures 1 and 2). Closer working relations between research and Introduction extension organisations must be encouraged. Research and extension are long-term World Bank reports of 1988-90 observed that processes and returns on investment may take about one in four people in sub-Sahuran Africa at least 10 to 15 years to realise. Public-sector Figure 1. Research and technology traosforlinks arnong pnvate and public institutions. Public Private Research and development Government Institutions Agribusiness companies and universities cooperatives F uroundationa Input production Government Input-supply corporatiort firms and €ooperaltives Goverment extmnsion Distributors Dealers 21 FARMERS
Figure 2. The analyical framework. ROLE OF THE PRIVATE SECTOR POLICY CONTEXT Mobllilsa'jonof power within the state and the brobder acoclety Problems confronted by the state Repertoire of accepted solutions Economic, political, social, environmental end administrative resources research and extension require considerable investment ofcapital and operational budgets to be effective. Agriculture is a strategic sector in the economies of sub-Sahar an Africa, e.g. about 80% of the total labour force is engaged in agriculture and agriculture accounts for between 35 and 60% of foreign exchange earnings. Agriculture contributes about 35 to 50% of the gross domestic product of the countries under consideration. The topic under discussion is researchextension linkages in relation to efforts to increase livestock production. Research in this context can be defined as the development of better crop or livestock germplasm to suit a particular demand or the generation of new technology to solve a particular constraint, Extension can be defined as the furthering and popularisation of knowledge. It signifies the stimulation of desirable agricultural illumination. It can also mean information flow into farming communities and flow of information from farmers to researchrs,, input and services suppliers and policy makers. Extension plays an important role in the formulation of policy for agricultural development and sits at the centre of the agricultural information network. It is not a passive conduit but an active system that can be directed, it seeks out and organises information and then channels it to and, equally important, from farmers. This paper argues that research-extension linkages are very important i. transferring developed technologies from those who generate them to the users. To communicate effectively, reseamch must be as strong and efficient as extension. Both must ROLE OF THE STATE Policy objectives Policy formulation and Implementation ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF RESEARCH AND EXTENSION Factors affecting the OrgansationlI organlsatlonal structure adjustment mechanisms Complexity integration mechanisms Functional specialisation Buffer mechanisms Interdependonce Decentralisation FARMERS 22 have well-qualified and motivated staffwho have an adequate resource base to work from. Information flow between research and extension It has been stated that agricultural development begins with increajed control over the environment and increased output of desirable plants and animals. This development must be a sustainable one, which is explicit to the promotion of agricultural technologies that are ecologically sound, economically viable, socially just and meet with the needs of the present population without compromising the ability of future generations to batisfy their own needs. Hence, for both research and extension sustainable agriculture must be the key strategy. An agricultural system performs well if the developed or generated technology is comprehensively transferred to the users. Roling (1990) argues that scientists involved !n basic, strategic, applied and ad otive research, together with subject-mtter specialists, village-level extension workers and farmers, should be seen as participants in a single agricultural knowledge and information system. The interface between research and technology transfer is an important one in determining the performance of the whole system. Roling (1990) argues that, historically, research has stopped too early in what should be a continuous and dynamic process of developing and diffusing new technology. Researchers have been physically and mentally isolated from farmers, with the tendency to hand down an unfinished, untested product to extension staff.
Page 1 and 2: FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
Page 3 and 4: ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
Page 5 and 6: Disease control approaches Economic
Page 7 and 8: Preface John Walsh Director General
Page 9 and 10: and communal farmers develop the in
Page 11 and 12: The impact of the introduction of e
Page 13 and 14: Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
Page 15 and 16: contribute much more than exotic ca
Page 17 and 18: Intensive animal feeding practices
Page 19 and 20: Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
Page 21 and 22: Table 3. Nutritional composition an
Page 23 and 24: Table 6. Nutritional composition an
Page 25 and 26: Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
Page 27: Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3. Group composition and lin
Page 33 and 34: Dairy/beef production systems resea
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
Page 37 and 38: Table 5. The performance of Holstei
Page 39 and 40: Research on smallholder dairy produ
Page 41 and 42: are a small number of productive an
Page 43 and 44: establishing a time frame sufficien
Page 45 and 46: secondary data analyses. In each ar
Page 47 and 48: facilitate greater orientation to f
Page 49 and 50: References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
Page 51 and 52: Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
Page 53 and 54: country relies on the development o
Page 55 and 56: To estimate the productivity of int
Page 57 and 58: S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
Page 59 and 60: Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
Page 61 and 62: igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
Page 63 and 64: References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
Page 65 and 66: * train a number of Kenyans for hig
Page 67 and 68: Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
Page 69 and 70: Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
Page 71 and 72: Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
Page 73 and 74: Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
Page 75 and 76: The project staff are closely invol
Page 77 and 78: Dairy goat research and extension a
Page 79 and 80:
Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
Page 81 and 82:
Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
Page 83 and 84:
Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
Page 85 and 86:
Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88:
the establishment of good managemen
Page 89 and 90:
Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 91 and 92:
circumvent this problem the "Open N
Page 93 and 94:
Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96:
Research methodology Project implem
Page 97 and 98:
government centre between 1935 and
Page 99 and 100:
emphasis to improvements in the mil
Page 101 and 102:
Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
Page 103 and 104:
Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
Page 105 and 106:
government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108:
Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110:
ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111 and 112:
ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114:
Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
Page 115 and 116:
experiences so far gained and futur
Page 117 and 118:
acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120:
Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122:
Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124:
Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126:
Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
Page 127 and 128:
Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
Page 129 and 130:
Objectives ofte research programme
Page 131 and 132:
aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
Page 133 and 134:
ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
Page 135 and 136:
Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 137 and 138:
Factors affecting the development a
Page 139 and 140:
Most roads in the rural areas where
Page 141 and 142:
well-focused dairy development prog
Page 143 and 144:
Secure better bargaining position w
Page 145 and 146:
purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148:
part of the country. The cattle pop
Page 149 and 150:
" to increase farm-family income of
Page 151 and 152:
Recent developments in the dairy in
Page 153 and 154:
Dairy development programme in Tang
Page 155 and 156:
Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
Page 157 and 158:
Table 5. Napier production on-farm
Page 159 and 160:
facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 161 and 162:
Smallholder dairy development progr
Page 163 and 164:
various types of cattle under rural
Page 165 and 166:
38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
Page 167 and 168:
labour to meet the requirements of
Page 169 and 170:
Development of smallholder dairying
Page 171 and 172:
Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
Page 173 and 174:
Marketing options for livestock pro
Page 175 and 176:
argaed that the only way to improve
Page 177 and 178:
Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
Page 179 and 180:
Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
Page 181 and 182:
Group ranch concept and practice ir
Page 183 and 184:
the land, reducing the capacity of
Page 185 and 186:
Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
Page 187 and 188:
upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
Page 189 and 190:
the project in 1982. Infrastructura
Page 191 and 192:
If all the ranches were subdivided
Page 193 and 194:
This can be achieved through an ext
Page 195 and 196:
Introduction of dairy cattle produc
Page 197 and 198:
" a permanent water source should b
Page 199 and 200:
Development of feeding strategies a
Page 201 and 202:
Supplementation improved milk yield
Page 203 and 204:
Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
Page 205 and 206:
Summary Wool and mohair production
Page 207 and 208:
contributed to low fecundity was th
Page 209 and 210:
established with the following obje
Page 211 and 212:
qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
Page 213 and 214:
Synthesis of constraints to livesto
Page 215 and 216:
i'nd appropriateness of the technol
Page 217 and 218:
" Realising the magnitude of the pr
Page 219 and 220:
DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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