aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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tion and productivity of sustainable sniallholder dairy systems. From an ILCA perspective, the target group of the programme's research is peri-urban, mixed crop-livestock smallholders in the medium rainfall, lowland tropics ofsub-Saharan Africa. The target group from KARI's perspective, and the test group for ILCA, is peri-ur.,an mixed crop,--livestock smallholders in coastd lowland Kenya. Development of the research programme Government policies and institutional framework The Kenyan Government's policy objective is to achieve or maintain self-sufficiency in all essential foods, including milk and dairy products, and to generate additional supplies for export. Institutions central to achieving this policy goal are the Ministries ofLivestock Development and Agriculture and KARl. KARI has parastatal status within the Ministry of Research, Science and Technology and, together with relevant university departments, it has the national mandate for dairy-related research. ILCA's mandate in sub-Saharan Africa is to assist national efforts to increase the sustained yield and output of livestock products and improve the quality of life of the people of the region (ILCA, 1987). Milk from cattle is a major focus of ILCA's research. KARI has research centres with national mandates, for example the National Veterinary Research Centre (NVRC), Muguga, complemented by a network of regional research centres (RRC). Each RRC has responsibility for adaptive and applied agricultural research in its surrounding area. An example of a RRC is the coastal centre at Mtwapa, the base of the KARIIILCA programme. During 1990, KARI undertook a comprehensive review and analysis of the research being carried out at all its centres. The review set out to identify the priority areas for research to support the Government's agricultural development goals and objectives (KARI, 1991). From over 50 commodities, the review identified milk as the number one research priority. Beef and small ruminants were ranked second and third and maize fourth. The review and priority setting exercise clearly demonstrated the prime impoitance of dairying to the growth of Kenya's agriculture and its economy and as the primary focus for KARI's resources. Conception of the research programme In 1987, KARI approached ILCA for assistance in developing a research programme to support smallholder dairy production in the coastal zone. As noted earlier, the region has a large, 36 unsatisfied demand for milk. The proposal fitted well with ILCA's institutional strategy and operational goals (ILCA, 1987). The Memorandum of Understanding was signed in May 1988 and the collaborative programme on dairy cattle research became operational in August 1988whenILCAstaffwereattachedtotheRRC, Mtwapa. The programme was conceived within a farming systems framework, and adopted a multidisciplinary approach to the description of farming systems and the identification of researchable constraints. Following systems description and constraint identification, those researchable constraints with highest likelihood of pay-off were then to be addressed through dieciplinary and interdisciplinary experiments and studies. The research would lead to the development and evaluation oftechnologies and of Grganisational modes and research methodologies. To effectively design and implement these programmes, KARI and ILCA consulted closely with the Ministry of Livestock Development's Livestock Extension service. Since 1981, the Livestock Extension service in coastal Kenya has concentrated its resources on smallholder dairy development through participation in the National Dairy Development Project (NDDP). The NDDP promotes smallholder dairy development through the dissemination of a zerograzing package. Planning the research programme The planning process began in April 1988, prior to the assembling of the research team. The areas requiring research were agreed upon in a meeting of researchers, extensionists and veterinarians, who drafted protocols proposing: ° to estimate the demand for milk and dairy products * to identify technical and policy constraints on production in mixed smallholder farming systems, especially dairy cattle systems • to evaluate dairy cattle breed resources ° to estimate disease risk to dairy cattle and test disease control methods and • to develop feeding systems appropriate to smallholder dairy production systems. The comprehensive scope of the programme was based on the experiences of the livestock extension staff, particularly those working in the NDDP. The needs to estimate demand for milk and to describe farming systems, particularly dairy subsystems, acknowledged the lack of reliable statistics on milk consumptir.w and on dairy cattle populations and their performance. Quantitative information on the demand for milk and the current cattle population wr.s essential for deciding the prov: amme's orientation. It was also necessa:y for efficient allocation of the programme's resources and for
establishing a time frame sufficient to ensure impact. Thc original research areas listed above remain the core of the programme. Figure 1 shows the components to which each cooperating institution contributes. As well as evaluating technologies and assessing policies, it was expected that the programme wouldcontribute to the development and testing of operational modes and -esearch methodologies for dairy and related livestock and crop research Thdcropresercoul in mixed hn smallholder farming smallh bed fa r systems. These could then be applied at other KARI throughout RRCs sub-Saharan and in similar Africa. programmes Postgraduate througoft s haran o ri. res ersase training of KARI and other researchers was another important element of the programme, aimed at developing sufficient human resources to ensure the long-term sustainability of the research programme, Organisation and participants: the research team and on-station progr-mme The shared, well-defined goals agreed in 1988 by KARI, ILCA and their collaborating institution (Figure 1) ensured that in a short time a team had ben assembled and a comprehensive programme of applied and adaptive dairy research was being implemented. Forage agronomy and anirtial nutrition researchers already based at M,wapa were joined by an animal scientibt and an agricultural economist from ILCA and a veterinarian was seconded from the regionr. Veterinary Investigation Laboratory. Based on the proposals in the original draft protocols, and with advice from disciplinary specialists, the researchers prepared detailed protocols for on-station experiments on feed resources (forage agronomy and animal nutrition). The focus of the feed resources research was the improvement, with minimal Figure 1. Institutionalparicipation in the collaborative research programme on smallholder dair/ production, coastal lowland, Kenya. Area of participation KARl ILCA ILRAD ICIPE MoLD MoA Nairobi U.K. Univ. Univ. 1. Farming systems description and constra:nt Identification 1.1 Baseline surveys and reviews X X X X X X 1.2 Milk and livestock marketing X X X X 1.3 Diagnostic recording X X X X X X 2. Technology development and testing 2.1 Disease risk - Control design :nri evaluation X X X X X X 2.2 Feed resources - Germplasm evaluation - Agronomy -AnJma nutrition - On-farm testing 2.3 Breed evaluation 2.4 Production systems 3. Staff development 3.1 PhD training 3.2 MSc training X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 3.3 Short courses X Key: ILRAD = Intemational Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases; ICIPE = International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology; MoLD =Ministry of Livestock Development; MoA = Ministry of Agriculture. 37
Page 1 and 2: FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
Page 3 and 4: ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
Page 5 and 6: Disease control approaches Economic
Page 7 and 8: Preface John Walsh Director General
Page 9 and 10: and communal farmers develop the in
Page 11 and 12: The impact of the introduction of e
Page 13 and 14: Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
Page 15 and 16: contribute much more than exotic ca
Page 17 and 18: Intensive animal feeding practices
Page 19 and 20: Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
Page 21 and 22: Table 3. Nutritional composition an
Page 23 and 24: Table 6. Nutritional composition an
Page 25 and 26: Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
Page 27 and 28: Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2. The analyical framework.
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3. Group composition and lin
Page 33 and 34: Dairy/beef production systems resea
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
Page 37 and 38: Table 5. The performance of Holstei
Page 39 and 40: Research on smallholder dairy produ
Page 41: are a small number of productive an
Page 45 and 46: secondary data analyses. In each ar
Page 47 and 48: facilitate greater orientation to f
Page 49 and 50: References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
Page 51 and 52: Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
Page 53 and 54: country relies on the development o
Page 55 and 56: To estimate the productivity of int
Page 57 and 58: S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
Page 59 and 60: Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
Page 61 and 62: igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
Page 63 and 64: References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
Page 65 and 66: * train a number of Kenyans for hig
Page 67 and 68: Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
Page 69 and 70: Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
Page 71 and 72: Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
Page 73 and 74: Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
Page 75 and 76: The project staff are closely invol
Page 77 and 78: Dairy goat research and extension a
Page 79 and 80: Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
Page 81 and 82: Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
Page 83 and 84: Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
Page 85 and 86: Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88: the establishment of good managemen
Page 89 and 90: Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 91 and 92: circumvent this problem the "Open N
Page 93 and 94:
Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96:
Research methodology Project implem
Page 97 and 98:
government centre between 1935 and
Page 99 and 100:
emphasis to improvements in the mil
Page 101 and 102:
Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
Page 103 and 104:
Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
Page 105 and 106:
government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108:
Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110:
ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111 and 112:
ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114:
Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
Page 115 and 116:
experiences so far gained and futur
Page 117 and 118:
acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120:
Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122:
Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124:
Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126:
Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
Page 127 and 128:
Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
Page 129 and 130:
Objectives ofte research programme
Page 131 and 132:
aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
Page 133 and 134:
ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
Page 135 and 136:
Summary Smallholder dairy productio
Page 137 and 138:
Factors affecting the development a
Page 139 and 140:
Most roads in the rural areas where
Page 141 and 142:
well-focused dairy development prog
Page 143 and 144:
Secure better bargaining position w
Page 145 and 146:
purchase fuel and lubricants in the
Page 147 and 148:
part of the country. The cattle pop
Page 149 and 150:
" to increase farm-family income of
Page 151 and 152:
Recent developments in the dairy in
Page 153 and 154:
Dairy development programme in Tang
Page 155 and 156:
Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
Page 157 and 158:
Table 5. Napier production on-farm
Page 159 and 160:
facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 161 and 162:
Smallholder dairy development progr
Page 163 and 164:
various types of cattle under rural
Page 165 and 166:
38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
Page 167 and 168:
labour to meet the requirements of
Page 169 and 170:
Development of smallholder dairying
Page 171 and 172:
Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
Page 173 and 174:
Marketing options for livestock pro
Page 175 and 176:
argaed that the only way to improve
Page 177 and 178:
Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
Page 179 and 180:
Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
Page 181 and 182:
Group ranch concept and practice ir
Page 183 and 184:
the land, reducing the capacity of
Page 185 and 186:
Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
Page 187 and 188:
upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
Page 189 and 190:
the project in 1982. Infrastructura
Page 191 and 192:
If all the ranches were subdivided
Page 193 and 194:
This can be achieved through an ext
Page 195 and 196:
Introduction of dairy cattle produc
Page 197 and 198:
" a permanent water source should b
Page 199 and 200:
Development of feeding strategies a
Page 201 and 202:
Supplementation improved milk yield
Page 203 and 204:
Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
Page 205 and 206:
Summary Wool and mohair production
Page 207 and 208:
contributed to low fecundity was th
Page 209 and 210:
established with the following obje
Page 211 and 212:
qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
Page 213 and 214:
Synthesis of constraints to livesto
Page 215 and 216:
i'nd appropriateness of the technol
Page 217 and 218:
" Realising the magnitude of the pr
Page 219 and 220:
DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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