aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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Stall-feeding draft animals is relatively uneconomical as they also eat the available feeds intended for the stall-fed dairy animals. The possibility of using the improved female cows for draft purposes in the conservation areas should be investigated. Well-fed healthy cows, particularly the large bodied types, should be quite capable ofmeeting the draft power requirements of smallholdings, especially if mulch and manure have been applied (Ogle, 1990). The need for a sustainable livestock production system The high number of grazing livestock in the HADO area was regarded as one of the causal agents for soil degradation. These animals were translocated to neighuouring villages where the extent of overgrazing and land degradation was References Adu I F and Adamu AM. 1982. The nutritive vlue and utilization of three grass hays by sheep. l'ropical Grasslands16:29-33. Backlund M and Bellukog J. 1990. The role of trees and shrubsin livestock production in CentralTanzania: A survey of their nutritive value during the dry season. Working Paper 175. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre, Uppsala, Sweden. Blaxter K L and Wilson R S. 191;3. The assessment of crop husbandry techniques in terms of animal production. Animal Production5:27-42. Coppock D, Swift D M, Elis J E and Waweru S K 1987. Seasonal nutritional characteristics of livestock forage in southern Turkana. East African Agri. culturalandForestryJournal52: 162-175. Gwynne M D. 1969. The nutritive values of Acacia pods in relation to Acacia seed distribution by ungulates. East African Wildlife Journal 7:176-178. Jackson I J. 1977. Climate, waterand agriculturein the tropics. Longman, London and New York. Jones R J. 1979. The value of Leucaena leucocephala feed for ruminants in the tropics. Wild Animal Review. 31: 13-23. KiwuwaG H and Kyomo M L. 1971. Milk composition and yield characteristics of Mpwapwa cattle. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal 36:290-295. Kusekwa M L, Msafiri D N Kitalyi A J, Msechu J K K and Ulotu H A. 1930. Water melon (Citrullus vulgaris), an important non-conventional livestock feed in the semi-aridcentral Tanzania. Proceedings of 17 th Tanzania Society of Animal P'-oduction, Arusha, Tanzania 25-27' -eptember 1990. MALD (Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development). 1988. The 1994 national livestock count. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development. Dares Salaam, Tanzania. Milford R and Minson D J. 1966. Intakeof tropicalpasture species. Proceedings of 9th International Grassland Congress. Sao Paulo, Brazil, pp 815-822. Minson D J and Milford R. 1967. The voluntary intake and digestibility of diets containing different proportions of legume and mature Pangola grass 210 not severe. However, land degradation caused by overgrazing is expected to take place in these areas in the near future. To circumvent this possibility it is recommended that a national strategy be drawn to analyse the issue of integrating livestock with crops and keeping livestock numbers only at the optimum carrying capacity of the land. This will ensure the sustainability of the whole farming system. The lack of a defined land tenure system in these areas is considered to be crucial and deserves a great deal of attention, One of the problems facing women in the conservation areas is the time spent and energy expended in search of fuelwood. As collection of manure is relatively easy in the zero-grazing system, biogas production from manure could reduce the burden of fuelwood collection. (Digitariadecumbens). Australian Journal of AgricultureandAnimal Husbandry7:546-551. NAS (National Academy of Sciences). 1977. Leucaena promising forage and tree crop for the tropics. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Ogle B. 1990. Suggestions for intensive livestock-based smallholder systems in the semi-arid areas of Tanzania. Livestock Research for Rural Development 2:(1)51-59. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. OlssonAandWelin-BergerS. 1989. The potentialoflocal shrubs as feed for livestock and mineral content of some soil licks in Central 7nzania.Working Paper 125. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development Centre, Uppsala, Sweden. Ostberg W. 1985. The Kondoa transformation.Comingto grips with soil erosion in Central Tanzania. Research Report 76. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, Sweden. Shays C M. 1992. Evaluationofwater melons as a source hs of w a luater melon seeds andAcacia pods o protein upplement for dairy cows in central a Tanzania. MSc thesis, Swedieh University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. Smith 0 B and Van Hlotert M FJ. 1987. The feeding value o,'Gliricidiasepium. A review. WorldAnimalReview 62:57-68. SUAC (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences). 1987. Livestock integration in soil conservation programmes. 2. Report from a mission to Dodoma region, Tanzania.SUAC. Uppsala, Sweden. Tanner J C, Reed J D and Owen E. 1990. The nutritive value of fruits (pods with seeds) from four Acacia spp. compared with extracted noug (Guizotia abyssinica)meal as supplements to maize stayer for Ethiopian highland sheep. Animal Prodaction 51:127-133. Wilson J R Qnd Minson D J. 19,90. Prospects for improving digestibility and intake of tropical grasslands. Thopical Grasslands 14:253-259. Van Soest P J. 1982. The nutritionalecology of the ruminant.Durham and Downey I..td, Portland.
Summary Wool and mohair production in Lesotho About 10% of the total land area in Lesotho is suitable for arable cropping, 66% being usable for grazing. Agriculture contributes approximately 23% of the gross domestic product and occupies about 65% of the labour force. Smallscale farming predominates the ndustry. Crop production is primarily for home consumption with small surpluses being sold in the local markets. Ths national livestock inventory includes 600,000 head of cattle, 1,620, 000 sheep, 800,000 goats and 200,00 equines. The small ruminant industry in Lesotho is composed of sheep and goats, normally referred to as small stock. The local sheep population is a local Merino strain which arose from the upgrading of the indigenous fat-tailed sheep to Merino over many generations since the 1M001 to the extent that the characteristics of the fat-tailed sheep have virtually disappeared. The country imports about 500 studs annually io Improve the local strain. The local Merino i described as hardy and well adapted to the environment but It is small in size and is a low yielder of wool and mutton. Wool sheep are very important to the country producing about 3500 tons nf raw wool annually lor export. Further, mutton is an importait meat. Estimated per capita consumption is 2.7 kg, the highest in the region. The sales of wool and live animals are a major source of income for the rural communities, The indigenous short hairgoatstrainhas been diluted through generations of crossing with Mohair goats and its characteristics have essentially disappeared. However, there has not been a systematic importation of improved Mohair Angora bucks, The flocks of small ruminants are on rangeland that is already overgrazed and not surprisingly, the animals are malnourished to a great extent, especially during winter when the grazing land has limited quantities r forage. Underfeeding results in poor growth, low wool/mohair production, variable wool quality and high mortality rates among the young (premd post-weaning) which is associated with poor nutrition, unhygienic night krals and distawse T. Mafisa Department Of Livestock Services Animal Production Division Private Bag A82 Maseru 100 Lesotho 211 Introduction Lesotho is a small landlocked country in southern Africa, completely surrounded by the Republif of South Africa, with a total area of 30 355 km . The country is divided into four main agro-ecological zones, namely: * The lowlands in the west, lying between altitudes 1500 m and 1830 in. This zone occupies about 15% of the total cmantry. * The foothills in the centre between 1830 m and 2130 m covering about 8% the land. * The Orange River Valley lying between 1500 m and 2250 m. The valley occupies approximately 11% of the country. * The mountain range that lies between 2130 m and 3480 m altitude and comprises about 66% of the total land. This zone is the heart of Lesotho's rangelands and is spar3ely populated compared to other regions, especially the lowlands. However, there is evidence to indicate that this is changing because of increasing popuiation pressure, with villages mushrooming in areas earlier thought to be exclusively rangelands. The average raintfall in Lesotho is about 753 mm, 80% of which falls in the warmer months of October to March. Temperatures vary dramatically with each season, rising up to 35'C in the midst of summer and dropping as low as -12.5"C in the mountain areas in winter. The land tenure system is such that land belongs to the Basotho nation and is held in trust by the state. The chiefs are charged with the responsibility of administering the land on behalf of the state. With the promulgation of the 1979 Land Act, there was a shift in the administration of land. The act provided for the formation of Land Allocation Committees with the chiefs present as ex officio members and chairpersons. In this capacity they have the powers to allocate and revoke land allocations especially in the case of arable and residential land. Lesotho's rangelands are used communally by all livestock owners. Management of rangelands (Motsamai, 1990) is the responsibility of chiefs who, with land allocation ommittees, are required to close and open areas for grazing in accordance with range
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
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Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
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Figure 2. The analyical framework.
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Figure 3. Group composition and lin
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Dairy/beef production systems resea
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Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
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Table 5. The performance of Holstei
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Research on smallholder dairy produ
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are a small number of productive an
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establishing a time frame sufficien
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secondary data analyses. In each ar
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facilitate greater orientation to f
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References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
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Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
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country relies on the development o
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To estimate the productivity of int
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S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
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Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
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igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
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References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
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* train a number of Kenyans for hig
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Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
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Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
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Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
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Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
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The project staff are closely invol
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Dairy goat research and extension a
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Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
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Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
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Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
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Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
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the establishment of good managemen
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Technologies introduced in the farm
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circumvent this problem the "Open N
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Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
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Research methodology Project implem
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government centre between 1935 and
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emphasis to improvements in the mil
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Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
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Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
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government institutions as research
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Disease control approaches
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ditions occur mostly in calves and
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ments to maintain dipping infrastru
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Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
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experiences so far gained and futur
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acceptance s very high and the work
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Sustainable control methods for tic
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Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
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Summary New vaccine strategies agai
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Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
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Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
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Objectives ofte research programme
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aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
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ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
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Summary Smallholder dairy productio
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Factors affecting the development a
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Most roads in the rural areas where
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well-focused dairy development prog
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Secure better bargaining position w
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purchase fuel and lubricants in the
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part of the country. The cattle pop
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" to increase farm-family income of
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Recent developments in the dairy in
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Page 155 and 156: Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
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Page 159 and 160: facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
Page 161 and 162: Smallholder dairy development progr
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Page 165 and 166: 38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
Page 167 and 168: labour to meet the requirements of
Page 169 and 170: Development of smallholder dairying
Page 171 and 172: Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
Page 173 and 174: Marketing options for livestock pro
Page 175 and 176: argaed that the only way to improve
Page 177 and 178: Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
Page 179 and 180: Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
Page 181 and 182: Group ranch concept and practice ir
Page 183 and 184: the land, reducing the capacity of
Page 185 and 186: Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
Page 187 and 188: upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
Page 189 and 190: the project in 1982. Infrastructura
Page 191 and 192: If all the ranches were subdivided
Page 193 and 194: This can be achieved through an ext
Page 195 and 196: Introduction of dairy cattle produc
Page 197 and 198: " a permanent water source should b
Page 199 and 200: Development of feeding strategies a
Page 201 and 202: Supplementation improved milk yield
Page 203: Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
Page 207 and 208: contributed to low fecundity was th
Page 209 and 210: established with the following obje
Page 211 and 212: qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
Page 213 and 214: Synthesis of constraints to livesto
Page 215 and 216: i'nd appropriateness of the technol
Page 217 and 218: " Realising the magnitude of the pr
Page 219 and 220: DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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