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African does with Small East African bucks, probably to limit the negative traits of the crossbreds with a high level of Alpine blood, It is apparent that the project in Burundi has been isolated and has had little interaction with similar programmes in Kenya (SR-CRSP) and Rwanda (Kigali Est project). However, lately contacts with these two projects have developed, Constraints and difficulties Development projects based on external donor funds are often operated only for a limited time. This is the case of the Ngozi project, where GTZ is planning to withdraw and the Burundi Government plans to continue the project on a considerably reduced budget. The first casualty of the financial squeeze has been the breeding of crossbred goats, which was terminated in 1991. This will make it impossible to conduct a meaningful comparison of the performance of genotypes on the project farms and of farmers' flocks, Development pojects aim at making changes •r. the existing farming systems. As long as research respects this status quo, there will be no conflict of interests. However, problems arise when resea-chers want to formally test a change, such as a veterinary treatment or breeding programme. The development project is concerned that intervntions being tested by researchers may be cont, sed with development interventions, especially if the results are negative. The existing farming systems in the target area are integrated crop-livestock systems. References ILCA(International Livestock Centre for Africa). 1991.A handbook of African livestock statistics. LED Working Document 15. LED (Livestock Economics Division), ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Jones W I and Egli R. 1984. Farmingsystems in Africa. World Bank Technical Paper 27. World Bank, Washington, DC, USA. Rey B and Jacob U. 1991. Farm structure and participation in the Ngozi goatcrossbreedingproject in Burundi. In: Proceedingsof the 9th SR-CRSP annualmeeting, Nairobi,Kenya, 8-9 March 1990. 72 However, the institutions promoting development, e.g. SRD, concentrate on coffee and forbid intercropping with forage crops. Similarly, ILCA's mandate requires its researchers to concentrate on animal production systems. For the future there is a need to have a whole-farm approach in order to integrate the various components. Evl-,ation of the research programme The research programme currently carried out in Burundi has one important objective: to work in collaboration with a development programme. This facilitates the setting up of research on-farm and defines the target group for technology diffusion. This institutional set-up permits the existence of an effective triangular relationship between research, development and farmers. Systems research in that context can be considered as a means to advise development efforts. Although lessons from a site-specific study might not be applicabe beyond the project, it is important to make the results available to those considering similar development projects elsewhere. GTZ, which funded the project in Ngozi, is considering starting a similar project i, Kenya. ILCA has a comnarative advantage in integrating results from various projects and disseminating the information. The value of the information can be enhanced if modelling and simulation are developed on the basis ofresearch in other comparable locations. Schmidt U. 1990. Evolution et risultats de neuf ann6es de projet germano-burundais dans le cadre de Is coopdration technique. Capricorne3(1). Schultze A and Ngendahimana S. 1986. Experience du projet caprins Ngozi au Burundi. In: Atelier de travail sur les petits ruminants de la CEPGL, Sdminairede Bukavu, 8-10janvier 1985. Wilson R T, Araya A and Dominique S. 1990. Rpertoire desprojetsderechercheetded6veloppementcaprins et ovins en Afrique. Draft. CIPEA (Centre international pour l'dlevage en Afrique), Addis-Abeba (Ethiopie).
Dairy goat research and extension at Sokoine University of Agriculture (lowlands) and Mgeta (highlands) areas of Tanzania Summary In 1982, a research project on the evaluation of introduced Norwegian goats and their crosses with indigenous goats was Initiated at Morogoro (lowaltitude600m),Tanzania.Afterseveralyears of study some of the pure Norwegian goats and their crosses were introduced on-farm in Mgeta (high altitude 1600 mnwhere rainfall is also higher). The performance of pure Norwegian dairy goats at the low altitude was not viable. However, the F1 crosses between the indigenous and the Norwegian goats did well at this site, being able to reproduce and produce moderate levels of milk. The pure-bred Norwegian goats and their crosses in Mgeta area at a high altitude besides thrived and the favourable produced well. climate, It is the apparent farmers that fed and managed the animals better than on-station, During the project, 17 undergraduates received practical training in research methodologies and four MSc and two PhD cLandidates completed their research theses within the project, thus helping to strengthen the research capability of the country. At the grass-root level the introduction of an improved go at package of technology was accepted in the densely populated high-altitude area. It is likely that the introduced goat will, in the long run,have i majorlimpactonthesupplyofmllk andncrease the income of the rural population. Introduction Tanzania has an animal population of 12.512 million cattle, 6.444 million goats and 3.08 million sheep (MALD, 1986). In 1984 the dairy herd consisted of about 143,400 cattle which was estimated to supply less than 3% of Tanzania's milk needs. Approximately 97% of the milk uonsuned in the country is produced by the traditional herd which is mainly comprised ofthe Tanzania Shorthorn Zebu (TSZ). It is now estimated that the dairy herd has increased to 180,000 head of cattle. Attempts have been made by various authors to establish the amount of milk produced in L.A. Mtenga and G.C. Kifaro Department of Animal Science and Production Sokoine University of Agriculture P.O. Box 3004, Morogoro, Tanzania 73 Tanzania and its consumption pattern. For example, Kurwijila (1988) estimated milk yield from the zebu herd to be 401.664 million litres while grade cattle produced only 67.025 million litres. However, milk production figures are variable depending on authors and/or assumptions made in deriving the figures. Milk production from other ruminant species in the Tanzanian experience is considered negligible. Previously the milk consumption per capita of Tanzanians was believed to be 24.4 litres a year targeted to rise to 28.0 litres by the year 1990. In 1987, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MALD, 1987) reported an annual consumption of 15 litres a person which translates to a mere 40 ml a person a day. The National Food Strategy plans to double this per capita consumption to 30 litres a year by the year 2000; the implication is that milk supply will double correspondingly. Unfortunately, improvement to the traditional agricultural sub-sector providing most of the milk is very slow. To increase milk production, other milkproducing species of livestock (besides cattle) have to be utilised; hence it was in this light that the potential of dairy goats was assessed. Potential of dairy goats in Tanzania It was difficult to estimate the nu<strong>mb</strong>er of dairy goats in Tanzania bat data available in research and church mission centres suggests that there are about 1500 dairy goats of different breeds and stages of maturity. This figure is very low compared with the local goat population of over six million given by MALD (1984). However, it must be stressed that local goats are also milked particularly in areas where cattle are not kept. The potential of the dairy goat to the livestock industry is based on the following * as the substitute "por mans cow", it can easily. i kept in urban and poor rural communities to supply milk, meat and skin * male dairy goats can be meaningf, ily used for crossbreding with local goats to increase milk yield and improve meat production potential (growth rate and slaughter weight)
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
Page 25 and 26: Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
Page 27 and 28: Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2. The analyical framework.
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3. Group composition and lin
Page 33 and 34: Dairy/beef production systems resea
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
Page 37 and 38: Table 5. The performance of Holstei
Page 39 and 40: Research on smallholder dairy produ
Page 41 and 42: are a small number of productive an
Page 43 and 44: establishing a time frame sufficien
Page 45 and 46: secondary data analyses. In each ar
Page 47 and 48: facilitate greater orientation to f
Page 49 and 50: References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
Page 51 and 52: Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
Page 53 and 54: country relies on the development o
Page 55 and 56: To estimate the productivity of int
Page 57 and 58: S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
Page 59 and 60: Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
Page 61 and 62: igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
Page 63 and 64: References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
Page 65 and 66: * train a number of Kenyans for hig
Page 67 and 68: Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
Page 69 and 70: Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
Page 71 and 72: Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
Page 73 and 74: Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
Page 75: The project staff are closely invol
Page 79 and 80: Table 2. Main objectives of fte res
Page 81 and 82: Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
Page 83 and 84: Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
Page 85 and 86: Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88: the establishment of good managemen
Page 89 and 90: Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 91 and 92: circumvent this problem the "Open N
Page 93 and 94: Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96: Research methodology Project implem
Page 97 and 98: government centre between 1935 and
Page 99 and 100: emphasis to improvements in the mil
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
Page 103 and 104: Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
Page 105 and 106: government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108: Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110: ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111 and 112: ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114: Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
Page 115 and 116: experiences so far gained and futur
Page 117 and 118: acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120: Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124: Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126: Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
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Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
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Objectives ofte research programme
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aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
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ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
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Summary Smallholder dairy productio
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Factors affecting the development a
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Most roads in the rural areas where
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well-focused dairy development prog
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Secure better bargaining position w
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purchase fuel and lubricants in the
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part of the country. The cattle pop
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" to increase farm-family income of
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Recent developments in the dairy in
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Dairy development programme in Tang
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Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
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Table 5. Napier production on-farm
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facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
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Smallholder dairy development progr
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various types of cattle under rural
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38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
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labour to meet the requirements of
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Development of smallholder dairying
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Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
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Marketing options for livestock pro
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argaed that the only way to improve
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Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
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Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
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Group ranch concept and practice ir
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the land, reducing the capacity of
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Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
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upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
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the project in 1982. Infrastructura
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If all the ranches were subdivided
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This can be achieved through an ext
Page 195 and 196:
Introduction of dairy cattle produc
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" a permanent water source should b
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Development of feeding strategies a
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Supplementation improved milk yield
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Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
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Summary Wool and mohair production
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contributed to low fecundity was th
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established with the following obje
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qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
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Synthesis of constraints to livesto
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i'nd appropriateness of the technol
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" Realising the magnitude of the pr
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DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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