aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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* it is an ideal animal for research in the field of nutrition and dairy science because of its small size. Previous research on dairy goats in Tanzania The indigenous goat population comprises the East African goat type characterised by its small size and low milk yield (Kyomo, 1986). In the late 1930s, Kamorai goats were imported to provide milk for the large Asian community brought into the country to work for the British government, Howevor, interest in dairy goats by local indigenous six all-scale farmers started to surface in densely p(,pulated areas only in the early 1960s following the successful introduction of Saanen goats at St. Constantine College in Northern Tanzania. From 1960 to 1980, various breeds of dairy goats were imported and kept in research stations and missionary schools. The breeds involved were mostly Saanen, Toggenburg, Anglo-nubian and Alpine. Research on dairy goats has tended to concentrate on breeding. The first such programme was based in the central part of Tanzania (Mpwapwa Livestock Production Research Institute) and later shifted to West Kilimanjaro (in the north) and Malya (in the west) research centres, local goats are predominant in these areas. The breeding programme aimed at increasing reproductive performance and milk yield under station conditions. The strategy involved crossbreeding with indigenous goats (Kyomo, 1986; Hidle, 1991; Das and Sendola, 1991). Preliminary results are summarised in Table 1. However, results must be accepted with caution as there are many complicating factors involved, Table 1. Performance of dairy goat crosses in Tanzania. 1 Trait Reproductive Klidding % Twinning rate % Pre-weaning mortality % Birth weight (kg) Growth rata (g/day) Birth to 16 weeks Birth to 72 weeks Milk pertormanc3 Lactation length (days) Yield (total, kg) Yield (kg/day) 1.see Das and Sendola (1991) for details. SN =Saanen. BLD = Blended goats (55% Kamoral, 30% Boer, 15% indigenous). ANC =Anglo-Nubian crosses. TGC = Toggenburg crosses. SNC = Saanean crosses. Recently raw data was sent to ILCA for detailed statistical analysis. Nevertheless, what is of general application is that compared with local goats, dairy goats and their crosses have a high production potential as measured in terms of milk yield and growth rate. Of not- is that mortality rates in theL goats is high (9-54%). The major problems of past dairy goat research programmes included too many lines in crosses with few numbers, inbreeding and cmnbersome record keeping. Perhaps more critical is the fact that breeding research programmes do not go hand in hand with research on management, nutrition and animal health. The lack of continuity due to the low financial base and core staff was also identified as a significant constraint. Objectives of the current goat research programme The main objectives of Sokoine University of Agriculture on-station (SUA) and on-farm research programmes are summarised in Table 2. Development of the research programme Government and institution policies The first and only existing Tanzanian livestock policy vaguely states that "the government will encourage dairy goat farming in suitable areas and that emphasis is to be placed on breeding, improving management and extension services" (MALD, 1984). In its long-term development programme (MALD, 1986), the Tanzanian Government states that "along with cattle dairying, pure milk goats will be emphasised in areas with a high population density and in SN x BLD ANC TGC SNC BLD 67 62 52 45 63 19 15 18 16 14 9 52 24 48 - - 2.7 2.8 3.6 2.5 - 83 84 77 62 - 41 43 45 - 74 154 143 129 266 105 85 142 123 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.5
Table 2. Main objectives of fte research at SUA and production on-lam at Mgeta. SUA (on-station) " to produce md evaluate different crosses of local goats with Norwegian dairy goats; " to improve through selection the prova. ng crosses; " to develop feeding and management packages for dairy goats; Sto disseminate (and follow up) the surplus stock to farmers and staff; and * to develop research facilities for BSc, MSc and PhD students and staff. Mgeta (on-farm) 0 to test the performance of dairy goats under smallholder conditions; 0 to adapt a dairy husbandry system suitable for small acale farmers; 0 to improve living standards of smallholders; and 0 to provide facilities for on-farm research for students. 1.Mgeta on-farm research was an off-shcrot of the SUA (on-station) research and was not InItIally Included in the original project write up. marginal lands. In addition traditional goats were to be upgraded in selected areas. Further, emphasis will be placed on the distribution of bucks to selected villages for the upgrading programme as with assistance on the importation ofbucks to improve blood lines and to avoid inbreeding will be necessary from time to time", Little financial support has been given to this setor by the government, However, research institutions in the country have attempted to implement government policies by placing emphasis on development of dairy goat lines since the early 1960s (Das and Sendola, 1991). Sokoine University of Agriculture has also the mandate to carry out training, research and exLJiision on all types of farm animals. This research has been justified as dairy goats are considered to be the "poor man's cow". Hence the development of the goat research project by the Department of Animal Science and Production has been in line with government policy. It has also been felt by the department that these dairy goats could be meaningfully used for research and training of undergraduate and postgraduate students in the field of dairy science, Conditions at SUA and Mgeta The experimental dairy farm at SUA in Morogore is situated at an altitude of600 m above sea level. The climate is semi-arid tropical. The average minimum and maximum day ternperaturesare19.4±0.7and30.7±0.5'Celsiusand annual precipitation is 811±179 mm (10-year data from SUA weather stations 1981-91). Forages in the area are generally characterised by fast maturing types and hence poor quality, especially during the dry season from June to November. 75 Mgeta is situated about 60 km from SUA in the Uluguru mountains at an altitude of 1550-1750 m. The average annual temperatures range from 16 to 20' Celsius decreasing with altitude. The annual precipitation is about 1400 mm. The area is densely populated and hill-sides are intensively cultivated. Crops grown include maize, beans, vegetables (cabbage, cauliflower, leeks etc) and fruits (peaches, plums, pears etc). Small-scale pig-keeping is a common practice. Each household has three to ',c indigenous goats but cattle are not found in the area. Evolution and development of the project at SUA (on-station) In 1982, a project entitled "Improved feeding of Dairy cattle in the tropics" was initiated by the department and sponsored by the Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD) with the aim of developing packages of management and feeding of dairy cattle. In early 1983, a dairy goats sub-project component was included. A total of 63 goat kids of the Norwegian Landrace breed were imported for crossbreeding purposes. The initial intention was to develop crosses with local goats with fair potential for milk production in Tanzania's semi-arid conditions. Thirty-eight local goats and 13 breeding bucks were used in the breeding programme. With the enthusiastic atmosphere of management in the early days of the project, these goats did quite well. However, at tlw later stages, high mortalities and low reproductive performance were recorded. This, coupled with few numbers of animals per cross line, necessitated the maintenance of only one line, 50% Norwegian a. -1 50% local blood (half-bred). Thus at SUA, the project since 1988 has maintained a half-bred herd and will continue to
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FPTREOF LIVESTOCK INIWSTRIES ', AIS
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ISBN 92-9053-,271--a Correct citati
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Disease control approaches Economic
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Preface John Walsh Director General
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and communal farmers develop the in
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The impact of the introduction of e
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Table 3. Productivity ol Tswanacros
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contribute much more than exotic ca
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Intensive animal feeding practices
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Table 1. Annual dry-mattur producti
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Table 3. Nutritional composition an
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Table 6. Nutritional composition an
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Table 10. Dry matter Intake and por
Page 27 and 28: Lilongwe, Malawi, 5-9 December 1988
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2. The analyical framework.
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3. Group composition and lin
Page 33 and 34: Dairy/beef production systems resea
Page 35 and 36: Table 2. Constraints to beef/dalry
Page 37 and 38: Table 5. The performance of Holstei
Page 39 and 40: Research on smallholder dairy produ
Page 41 and 42: are a small number of productive an
Page 43 and 44: establishing a time frame sufficien
Page 45 and 46: secondary data analyses. In each ar
Page 47 and 48: facilitate greater orientation to f
Page 49 and 50: References Goldson J. 1973. The eff
Page 51 and 52: Sumnary Smallholder dairy on-farm r
Page 53 and 54: country relies on the development o
Page 55 and 56: To estimate the productivity of int
Page 57 and 58: S n x Ethiopia's population, is est
Page 59 and 60: Results temperate climate of sub-Sa
Page 61 and 62: igurel. #O-mcaf 9RHVM pedm im eat B
Page 63 and 64: References Beyene Kebede. 1987. The
Page 65 and 66: * train a number of Kenyans for hig
Page 67 and 68: Figure 1. Comparative milk off-take
Page 69 and 70: Table 2. On-farnn flock composiion
Page 71 and 72: Market demand for DPGs and DPG prod
Page 73 and 74: Contribution of cros;sbred goats to
Page 75 and 76: The project staff are closely invol
Page 77: Dairy goat research and extension a
Page 81 and 82: Table 3. Daitygoat management at SU
Page 83 and 84: Table 6. Performanceof does atSUA f
Page 85 and 86: Summary Dtal-purpose cattle in cent
Page 87 and 88: the establishment of good managemen
Page 89 and 90: Technologies introduced in the farm
Page 91 and 92: circumvent this problem the "Open N
Page 93 and 94: Pert-urban small-scale dairy resear
Page 95 and 96: Research methodology Project implem
Page 97 and 98: government centre between 1935 and
Page 99 and 100: emphasis to improvements in the mil
Page 101 and 102: Table 1. Agro-ecological zones of Z
Page 103 and 104: Table 2. Productivity of indigenous
Page 105 and 106: government institutions as research
Page 107 and 108: Disease control approaches
Page 109 and 110: ditions occur mostly in calves and
Page 111 and 112: ments to maintain dipping infrastru
Page 113 and 114: Lawrence J A and McCo(kcr P J. 1981
Page 115 and 116: experiences so far gained and futur
Page 117 and 118: acceptance s very high and the work
Page 119 and 120: Sustainable control methods for tic
Page 121 and 122: Table 1. Trkk-resistantzebu cattle
Page 123 and 124: Summary New vaccine strategies agai
Page 125 and 126: Uilenberg G, Zivkovic D, Dwinger R
Page 127 and 128: Table 1. Tsetse infested area in co
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Objectives ofte research programme
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aspect. needs urgent attention. Val
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ingoats. Tropical Animal HeathandPr
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Summary Smallholder dairy productio
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Factors affecting the development a
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Most roads in the rural areas where
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well-focused dairy development prog
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Secure better bargaining position w
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purchase fuel and lubricants in the
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part of the country. The cattle pop
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" to increase farm-family income of
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Recent developments in the dairy in
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Dairy development programme in Tang
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Table 3. Popu/aon andpro&ctke kicak
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Table 5. Napier production on-farm
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facilities, unreliable trnsport, la
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Smallholder dairy development progr
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various types of cattle under rural
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38,657 (US$ 7957) have been achieve
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labour to meet the requirements of
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Development of smallholder dairying
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Table 3. Revenue and expenditure fr
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Marketing options for livestock pro
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argaed that the only way to improve
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Debrah and Axrteneh (1991) found ma
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Mbogoh S G and Tilahun N. 1992. Dai
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Group ranch concept and practice ir
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the land, reducing the capacity of
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Furthermore, Goldschmidt (1981) sta
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upgraded with Sahiwal breed (Kajiad
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the project in 1982. Infrastructura
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If all the ranches were subdivided
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This can be achieved through an ext
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Introduction of dairy cattle produc
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" a permanent water source should b
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Development of feeding strategies a
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Supplementation improved milk yield
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Sweet potato vines, pigeon pea leav
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Summary Wool and mohair production
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contributed to low fecundity was th
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established with the following obje
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qualified staff at LIC& haa been a
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Synthesis of constraints to livesto
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i'nd appropriateness of the technol
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" Realising the magnitude of the pr
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DrL. Reynolds International Livesto
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aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID

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