aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID
aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID
aistand south~ern afrkca - (PDF, 101 mb) - USAID
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Animal health. The workshop noted that<br />
livestock diseases are a major constraint to the<br />
development and improvement of the livestock<br />
industry in the region. Vector-borne diseases,<br />
particularly trypanosomiasis (transmitted by<br />
tsetse flies) and tick-borne diseases (especially<br />
theileriosis and heartwater) seriously limit<br />
livestock production in the region. East Coast<br />
fever (ECF), a form of theilerio3is caused by the<br />
parasite Theileria parva and heartwater were<br />
singled out as the most important diseases for<br />
eastern and southern Africa, respectively. Trypanosomiasis<br />
appeared to be the second most<br />
important disease of livestock in the region.<br />
Several papers highlighted the limitations<br />
and the unsustainability of the current control<br />
methods based on the use of acaricides and other<br />
chemicals and they reported encouraging<br />
research developments in the use of vaccines for<br />
the control of ECF and heartwater<br />
Breeding. The attributes and weaknesses of<br />
exotics and<br />
the indigenous animals, purebred<br />
crossbreds were reported in the case studies. In<br />
order to enable the purebred exotics to exhibit<br />
this genetic potential they need an optimum<br />
environment (feeding, management, health and<br />
climatic conditions) which cannot be attained on<br />
small farms. Crossbreeding improves milk<br />
production and many countries in the region<br />
have e<strong>mb</strong>arked on this. Crossbreds are suitable<br />
for smallholders. However, farmers face<br />
difficulties in adopting breeding plans for F1 or<br />
F2 crosses due to the anticipated segregation.<br />
It was also felt that inadequate characterisation<br />
of indigenous breeds for disease<br />
resistance and suitability to their respective<br />
environment has not been fully documented and<br />
there exist lost opportunities.<br />
In the majority of the case studies it was<br />
pointed out that insufficiency of foundation and<br />
replacement stock is a major constraint to the<br />
development and expansion of the smallholder<br />
dairy. Low reproductive rates (low calving rates<br />
ind long calving intervals) in the sector is caused<br />
by missed heat detection, poor or non-existent<br />
artificial insemination (AI) delivery services and<br />
brucellosis where bull centres are used. High<br />
mortality rates of calves also retards the raising<br />
of replacement stock.<br />
Skills. While the exotic breeds have a high<br />
potential for milk production, they are<br />
susceptible to endemic diseases in tie tropics<br />
and they need large quantities of feeds on a<br />
continuous basis to sustain high milk yields.<br />
Therefore frmers need to be trained in disease<br />
control, management, feeO production and<br />
utilisation. The benefil, ftraining farmers was<br />
mentioned in all case st.aes.<br />
Socio-economic. A nu<strong>mb</strong>er of issues perceived to<br />
be hampering the development of the<br />
smallholder dairy industry in the region were<br />
raised under this section. These include<br />
unfavourable pricing policies, lack ofalternative<br />
222<br />
market opportunities, lack of capital, poor<br />
infrastructure, lack of output processing technologies,<br />
weak institutional researchextension-farmer<br />
linkages and inadequate<br />
training at all levels. These issues act as<br />
disincentives to farmers. The lack of an interdisciplinary<br />
holistic approach to livestock<br />
development programmes and projects in the<br />
region was also noted. The following are important<br />
areas for the future:<br />
• iisclusion of socio-economic and environmental<br />
impact assessments in livestock<br />
development programmes and projects<br />
* economic analysis of pricing policies,<br />
marketing and processing opportunities in<br />
livestock development programmes and<br />
projects<br />
projec t i<br />
• providing options for assisting farmrs to<br />
take up dairy and through credit schemes,<br />
exchange or in-trust of schemes indigenous stock with improved<br />
* evaluation of the possibilities of using<br />
alternative institutional mechanisms and the<br />
roles of farmers' organisations, governmen.l<br />
institutions and non-governmental<br />
orga- nisations (NGOs) in providing services<br />
(advisory, Al etc) and inputs such as feeds<br />
and veterinary drugs<br />
* strength ning of research-extension-farmer<br />
linkages and training and administrative<br />
inclination be involved. These institutions<br />
were identified to be NARS, NGOs, SACCAR,<br />
ILCA, ILRAD, ICRAF, ICRISAT, CIMMYT,<br />
lITA etc.<br />
Long-term nature of livestock<br />
programmes<br />
Livestock research and development take time;<br />
short-term and erratic financial and technical<br />
support cannot therefore be effective in bringing<br />
about change; e.g. multiplication of cattle takes<br />
a long time due to the long generation interval.<br />
Long-term commitment on the part of Afcan<br />
governments and donors is essential.<br />
Monitoring<br />
It was recommended that livestock development<br />
programmes and projects should include a<br />
monitoring component to assess and evaluate<br />
the socio-economic nutrition and environmental<br />
impact under the often dynamic circumstances<br />
in the region to ensure their sustainability.<br />
Programme development<br />
The workshop recommended that scientists'<br />
efforts in research and extension efforts be<br />
pooled together and focus on a targeted programme<br />
aimed at solving the above constraints<br />
so as to eventually demonstrate some impact.<br />
The following prerequisites were considered<br />
important for such a programme: