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ADVOCACY SUDAN HIGHER COUNCIL FOR ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES Sudan: promoting sustainability After Sudan become committed to the United Nations’ Agenda 21, it established number of institutions and put in place strategies, policies and programmes that may be considered building blocks to sustainable development. These are: • The Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources • The National Strategic Planning Council • National Drought and Desertification Control Unit (NDDCU) • States Councils for Environment • Other sectoral institutions • Civil Society institutions
ADVOCACY Sudan’s institutional structure for environmental governance is very weak in the light of the environmental challenges. An Environmental Framework Act (2001) and sector legislation with environmental components exist, as well as a federal structure for environmental governance. There are several laws, acts or ordinances that deal with the environment, either for protection or conservation. What characterises the current environmental legislation in Sudan is that it is sector-based. We have environmental legislation dealing with land tenure, health, forestry, wildlife, fisheries, agriculture, livestock, public health, etc. The sectoral legislation is closely connected to the structure of the government ministries, departments and parastatal corporations. Natural ecosystems in Sudan have undergone serious ecological degradation with potentially significant impacts on biodiversity. Many constraints have affected the implementation of biodiversity management plans: namely the lack of clear policy for the conservation of the local genetic resources of both animals and plants, absence of a specialised full-time programme to manage these genetic resources, poor understanding of the role of ecosystem values and services leading to ineffective management. There are also problems with inadequate legislation and poor law enforcement, lack of a national framework with legislative and institutional instrument to cater for matters related to access to the genetic resources, and the information related to biodiversity is not quite extensively published or easily accessed. Ambitious adaptation Sudan has successfully pushed-back on a mitigation-centric agreement, to include adaptation to adverse effects of climate change, and is continuously leading the charge for a stronger finance component in the agreement. A balanced agreement must be an ambitious in terms its emission reduction and adaptation commitments to ensure that we are in track to achieving the two or one-and-a-half degree celsius target. We will be able to adapt with the associated climate risks to the achievable temperature scenarios. Ambitious mitigation and adaptation actions cannot be achieved and maintain without adequate support for developing countries in terms of means of implementation, specially for Africa, Least Developed Countries (LDCs), and Small Island Developing States. A lack of ambition in the Paris outcome means increasing climate risks, devastating impacts and further undermining the development prospects of the African countries, more cost for adaptation and loss and damage, which vulnerable countries can not afford to meet alone without adequate provision of international support. The gaps in ambitions require a result-based approach in defining the commitments and Ecosystems in Sudan have undergone serious ecological degradation Sudan Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources shamboulbio@ yahoo.com obligations of Parties under the 2015 agreement and political leadership from developed countries in both pre and post 2020 periods. In Copenhagen in 2009 and in Cancún in 2010, developed countries committed to raising $100 billion by 2020 to help developing countries cope with climate change. This promise is linked to the historic responsibility of developed countries with regard to global warming. The $100 billion scheme is an important aspect of the negotiations: guaranteeing developing countries that developed countries will uphold this commitment is essential in order to build the confidence needed to negotiate an agreement in Paris. Minimum obligations The post-2020 finance provisions should take into consideration the need for adequacy and predictability in flows of funds and the clarity of appropriate burden sharing among developed countries. The objective of financial support is to enable developing countries to enhance action in the post- 2020 period. It should further provide for scaling up the delivery of financial resources from the floor of $100 billion per year, current levels based on a percentage of GDP, based on the needs and priorities of developing countries, with a 50-50 balance for mitigation and adaptation. We call for the minimum obligations for developed countries to be consistent with the Convention and voluntary contributions by developing countries and recognition of south-south cooperation. The agreement should ensure a balance between mitigation and adaptation through the establishment of a Global Goal for Adaptation, which recognise adaptation as a global responsibility, and the fact that insufficient mitigation action increases the burden of adaptation in developing countries. The agreement should define minimum information adaptation ‘undertakings’ – differentiated to include support by developed countries-needs to developing countries; should be country driven, flexible, transparency of support. It should not replace the Framework Convention on Climate Change, be under the Convention and in accordance with its principles and provisions, particularly equity and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities. Being classified as a LDC, Sudan is not obliged to pursue a greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction target. Nevertheless, Sudan views the planning process to reduce GHG emissions, or rather pursue low-carbon development, as an opportunity to strengthen national capacity, promote sustainable resource management, facilitate technology transfer, and identify synergies between national economic objectives and sustainable development. To meet the main goal of 25 per cent forest coverage from the total area of the Sudan by 2030, an area of 790795 hectares needs to be planted annually if international financial support is provided.
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G20 Research Group September 2016 G
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