ECONOMIC REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT

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tax policy and the coverage provisions of the ACA. However, as the preceding section makes clear, even with these accomplishments, much more work remains to be done. In the FY 2017 Federal Budget and elsewhere, the President has proposed an array of policies that would further boost incomes, expand opportunity, and reduce inequality. Making Work Pay Well-paying jobs are essential to reducing poverty and inequality, but too many Americans continue to work for a wage that is too low. Increasing the Federal minimum wage would be an important step in addressing the insufficient rate of wage growth in recent decades. For this reason, the President called for a minimum wage increase in his State of the Union address in February 2013. Since then, 18 states and the District of Columbia have passed increases in their minimum wages, but much more progress needs to be made. Expanding the EITC—one of the largest and most effective antipoverty programs—also helps make work pay. The FY 2017 budget proposes an expansion of the EITC for workers without dependent children, whose eligibility for only a very small tax credit limits the power of the EITC to reduce poverty for this population (Figure 3-18). Currently, workers without dependent children are the only group of workers taxed into poverty by the current tax code (Marr and Dasilva 2016). Expanding the EITC for workers without dependent children would provide 13 million low-income workers with a tax cut averaging nearly $500 for each worker, while also providing an additional incentive to work. This expansion would build on the success of the EITC expansions for families with three or more children and for married couples enacted as part of the Recovery Act. Investing in Children and Families Not only is inequality in living standards for children an immediate concern, but recent research highlights the importance of investments in children and families for future outcomes as well (CEA 2014b; CEA 2014c; Furman and Ruffini 2015). The FY 2017 budget proposes a number of inequality-reducing investments in children and families, including in child care, early education, and ending family homelessness. First, the President has proposed a historic investment in child care to ensure that all working families from low- and moderate-income backgrounds can access safe, affordable, and high-quality care for infants and toddlers. Research finds that quality, affordable child care can promote parental employment and earnings as well as healthy child development, in addition to helping families make ends meet (CEA 2014b). Progress Reducing Inequality | 189
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Single Source: Crandall-Hollick (2016). Figure 3-18 Share of Otherwise-Poor Families Lifted Out of Poverty by the EITC Based on Family Structure, 2012 Percent 35 Married No children 1 child 2 children 3 children Second, the budget proposes to further expand high-quality early education through the President’s Preschool for All Initiative. This initiative would provide all four-year-old children from low- and moderate-income families with access to high-quality preschool through a new Federal-State partnership, while encouraging states to expand those programs to reach additional children from middle-class families. The President would also continue investments in high-quality learning before preschool through expansions of the Early Head Start-Child Care partnership, as well as expansions of home visitation programs for new and expecting parents. A large body of research has found that quality early education programs have high returns for both the participants and for society as a whole (CEA 2016a; CEA 2014b). Third, the budget puts forward a package of proposals that would strengthen the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program so it does more to help poor families get back on their feet and work toward selfsufficiency. For example, recognizing that 20 years of frozen funding has eroded the inflation-adjusted value of the block grant, the budget proposes to increase funding for TANF; the additional funds would be coupled with an increased focus on helping families prepare for and find jobs, along with new financial and programmatic accountability standards for states. The budget also includes a TANF Economic Response Fund that would provide 190 | Chapter 3
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ECONOMIC REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT To
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C O N T E N T S ECONOMIC REPORT OF
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economic report of the president To
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eforms in history. Banks have sharp
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the annual report of the council of
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C O N T E N T S CHAPTER 1: EIGHT YE
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. THE ECONOMIC RATIONALE FOR FEDERA
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2.4. Government Purchases as Share
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4.iii. Premium for the Benchmark Pl
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6.18. Systemic Risk (SRISK) 2005-20
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C H A P T E R 1 EIGHT YEARS OF RECO
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Figure 1-1 Actual and Consensus For
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Figure 1-3 Real Hourly Wage Growth
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Figure 1-4 Real GDP per Capita: Eur
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Figure 1-6 Household Net Worth in t
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Figure 1-8 Global Trade Flows in th
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Subsequent revisions to fourth-quar
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Percent 6 Figure 1-9 Fiscal Expansi
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substantial costs to the Federal Go
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worked to promote innovation and in
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expansion, a period of low producti
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The 2017 Economic Report of the Pre
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Chapter 4: Reforming the Health Car
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to the ACA and other factors. The A
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than 98 percent of Americans should
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Figure 1-13 Borrowers in Income Dri
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success of the financial rescue and
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einforced U.S. leadership in the ru
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Partnership (OGP), a global partner
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Figure 1-16 Labor Productivity Grow
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Labor Force Participation Household
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number of steps to ensure that econ
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C H A P T E R 2 THE YEAR IN REVIEW
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Percent 11 Figure 2-1 Unemployment
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allowing for additional investments
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Percentage Point 0.6 0.4 Figure 2-3
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public, largely highway constructio
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The size of the Federal Reserve’s
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Figure 2-5 Private-Sector Payroll E
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fell 80 percent from September 2014
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Figure 2-8 Rates of Part-Time Work,
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Figure 2-v Prime-Age Male Labor For
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Output Real GDP grew 1.6 percent ov
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Figure 2-11 Compensation and Consum
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Table 2-i Optimal Weighting for Hou
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esults suggest that, to a first app
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Figure 2-viii Real GDP, Average and
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Figure 2-13 Consumer Sentiment and
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Figure 2-xi Household Debt Service,
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Ratio to Annual DPI 1.10 1.05 Figur
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Figure 2-17 National House Price In
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Index 220 Figure 2-19 Housing Affor
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Figure 2-21 Composition of Growth i
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Figure 2-23 Capital Services per Un
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Box 2-7: Explanations for the Recen
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Figure 2-xv Business Fixed Investme
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Figure 2-26 Foreign Real GDP and U.
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somewhat generalizable (Box 2-8), b
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prices weakened and the global econ
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inadequate demand has contributed t
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Figure 2-31 Nominal Wage Inflation
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Figure 2-33 Real Hourly Wage Growth
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Index 6 Figure 2-36 Financial Condi
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Percent 4.0 Figure 2-38 Nominal Lon
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Dollars per Barrel 80 Figure 2-40 B
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Figure 2-41 IMF World Real GDP Grow
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against the Mexican peso, the Chine
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United Kingdom It has been a turbul
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for example, Japan has grown almost
Page 144 and 145: Figure 2-45 Credit to Nonfinancial
Page 146 and 147: Meanwhile, core inflation (excludin
Page 148 and 149: kept rates low across a wide range
Page 150 and 151: Investments in surface transportati
Page 152 and 153: Table 2-2 Supply-Side Components of
Page 154: Conclusion The economy continued to
Page 157 and 158: not increased from 1973 to 2013, in
Page 159 and 160: developments; individual behavior;
Page 161 and 162: action affecting income inequality
Page 163 and 164: have occurred. In doing so, these p
Page 165 and 166: Percent 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 African
Page 167 and 168: without the policy response.5 These
Page 169 and 170: Box 3-2: Income Inequality and the
Page 171 and 172: unable to obtain insurance at any p
Page 173 and 174: Figure 3-7B Percent 50 Uninsured Ra
Page 175 and 176: and have not expanded Medicaid foun
Page 177 and 178: Box 3-3: Safety Net Policies as Ins
Page 179 and 180: Millions of People 18 Figure 3-8 Im
Page 181 and 182: Figure 3-9 Effective Tax Rates for
Page 183 and 184: Box 3-4: Additional Actions to Make
Page 185 and 186: $294 million in newly appropriated
Page 187 and 188: 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 Figure 3-12 Pe
Page 189 and 190: Administration with those of previo
Page 191 and 192: as a share of potential GDP by Pres
Page 193: Figure 3-17 Changes in the Distribu
Page 197 and 198: ate on capital gains and dividends
Page 200 and 201: C H A P T E R 4 REFORMING THE HEALT
Page 202 and 203: eneficiaries have received cumulati
Page 204 and 205: form of lower premium costs and ind
Page 206 and 207: Percent 25 20 Creation of Medicare
Page 208 and 209: Figure 4-3 Health Insurance Coverag
Page 210 and 211: 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 25 55
Page 212 and 213: Percent Uninsured 25 CHIP Created 2
Page 214 and 215: Legislative actions subsequent to C
Page 216 and 217: Percent Uninsured 40 35 Figure 4-7
Page 218 and 219: ecause of the ACA’s provision all
Page 220 and 221: Box 4-2: Dynamics in the Individual
Page 222 and 223: projected during the debate over th
Page 224 and 225: whelming majority of Marketplace en
Page 226 and 227: Figure 4-v Change in Benchmark Prem
Page 228 and 229: 20 Figure 4-10 Share of Workers in
Page 230 and 231: percent during the decade preceding
Page 232 and 233: Panel A: Share with a Personal Doct
Page 234 and 235: Box 4-3: Interpreting Results from
Page 236 and 237: Fortunately, the OHIE is not the on
Page 238 and 239: Figure 4-14 Uncompensated Care as a
Page 240 and 241: Figure 4-15 Uninsured Rate by Popul
Page 242 and 243: Figure 4-17 Monthly Gain in Private
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Change in Working-Age Employment to
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this cross-sectional relationship b
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ecent discussions of macroeconomic
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Figure 4-23 Life Expectancy at Birt
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Figure 4-24 Mortality Rate vs. Medi
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more to cover Medicare patients tha
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example, through CMMI, the Administ
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orient payment around the entirety
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Percent of Payments 60 Figure 4-26
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covered under ACO contracts at the
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Additional Steps to Reform the Heal
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legislation that overrides the reco
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Figure 4-28 Health Care Price Infla
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Figure 4-30 Trends in Real Prices f
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average growth rate of real per enr
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Figure 4-34 Growth in Real Costs fo
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made a large, readily quantifiable
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in states experiencing weaker and s
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distribution, holding fixed both sp
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individuals among individuals 65 an
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Figure 4-40 Average Real Deductible
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Figure 4-41 Real Per-Enrollee Presc
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educe the growth rate of Medicare s
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improvements will strengthen ACOs
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-5 0 -2 Figure 4-42 Cumulative Perc
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Woolhandler 2015). These analysts a
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productivity on the job. These bene
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Figure 4-46 Premiums and Cost Shari
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(KFF 2016). Another fifth of tradit
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2030 2028 2026 2024 2022 2020 2018
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C H A P T E R 5 INVESTING IN HIGHER
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Gainful Employment regulations. To
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Thousands of 2015 Dollars 900 800 7
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externalities, credit constraints,
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Figure 5-4 Earnings by Age and Educ
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Figure 5-5 Variation in Earnings by
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Box 5-1: Anti-Poverty Efforts and E
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careers. Some of the effects of the
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eligibility cutoff likewise finds s
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Box 5-2: Federal Investments in K-1
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Evaluations of early local Promise
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America’s College Promise Playboo
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Dollars 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000
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pre-payment penalty. Second, by tyi
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equirements, pushed efforts associa
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Figure 5-16 Size of Outstanding Loa
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Figure 5-17 Average Monthly Payment
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Figure 5-18 Distribution of Key Out
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Figure 5-20 Earnings by Family Inco
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to student needs and improve test s
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Box 5-5: Making Sure Students Enter
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prior, the early FAFSA reform helps
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Figure 5-ii Number of Institutions
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Figure 5-23 Gainful Employment Earn
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Additionally, Pell Grants can be be
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C H A P T E R 6 STRENGTHENING THE F
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with no easy way to get the funds f
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public has limited information, run
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value added of the sector has gradu
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managers. Thus, after fees, savers
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Too Many Resources in Finance? Beyo
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of the firm after the purchase affe
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Percent 100 Figure 6-2 Mortgage Ori
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Figure 6-4 Case-Shiller Home Price
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Figure 6-7 Global OTC Derivative Ma
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consumer and investor protections.
Page 376 and 377:
Figure 6-iv Top 5 Banks as Share of
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cult to replace with services from
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Are U.S. Banks Too Big? The questio
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The three federal banking agencies
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Risk Taking The Dodd-Frank Act took
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Box 6-3: The Performance of Communi
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Figure 6-ix Return on Assets of Ban
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egulators can take a more holistic
Page 392 and 393:
Figure 6-13 Repo and Reverse Repo,
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Figure 6-15 Private Funds Reporting
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Days 60 Figure 6-16 Weighted-Averag
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Figure 6-18 Systemic Risk (SRISK),
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In the absence of another financial
Page 402 and 403:
lower funding costs in 2007-09, “
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through the Dodd-Frank Act and othe
Page 406 and 407:
Prior to the financial crisis, one
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asis.24 One of the advantages of ce
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findings from the NRSRO examination
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Prior to the crisis, enforcement of
Page 414 and 415:
Box 6-5: Addressing the Problem of
Page 416 and 417:
Table 6-i Sources of Investment Adv
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financial system and the systems of
Page 420 and 421:
Box 6-6: The JOBS Act While it was
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Figure 6-23 S&P 500, 2003-2016 Inde
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Figure 6-27 Mortgage Delinquency an
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It created the FSOC to consider ris
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energy efficient and lower greenhou
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of domestic actions to reduce green
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people and vegetation (U.S. Global
Page 435 and 436:
investment are much higher than the
Page 437 and 438:
Delaying Action on Climate Change I
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uses and land management activities
Page 441 and 442:
Carbon Pollution Standards for Powe
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a projected range of $16 billion to
Page 445 and 446:
these resulted in insignificant cha
Page 447 and 448:
Figure 7-4 Corporate Average Fuel E
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diesel fuel and jet fuel. The Vehic
Page 451 and 452:
Box 7-3: Building Resilience to Cur
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sources in the oil and gas sector,
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emissions and total greenhouse gas
Page 457 and 458:
Figure 7-7 Energy Intensity of Real
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Figure 7-10 U.S. Petroleum Consumpt
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Figure 7-12 Energy Intensity Transp
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Figure 7-14c Energy Intensity Comme
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Figure 7-16 U.S. Energy Consumption
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2008 to 7 percent in 2015. Figure 7
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Index, 2008 =0 0.1 0.0 -0.1 Figure
Page 471 and 472:
Figure 7-23 Decomposition of Emissi
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three determinants of emissions? If
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Percent 100 80 Figure 7-26 Sectoral
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characteristics, and management tre
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oil and gas sector) were subsequent
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while creating new jobs and raising
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such as using similar methodologies
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Box 7-4: Supporting Increased Penet
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sector, the fee would incentivize p
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to be used to decompose emissions i
Page 491 and 492:
Reinvestment Act.” NBER Working P
Page 493 and 494:
D’Amico, Stefania, et al. 2012.
Page 495 and 496:
______. 2016. “Chapter 3: Develop
Page 497 and 498:
Chetty, Raj, et al. 2014. “Where
Page 499 and 500:
NBER Working Paper 22170. Cambridge
Page 501 and 502:
American Hospital Association and H
Page 503 and 504:
Cantor, Joel C., et al. 2012. “Ea
Page 505 and 506:
______. 2012a. “Direct Spending a
Page 507 and 508:
Dranove, David, Craig Garthwaite, a
Page 509 and 510:
Wars: Global Solutions for Developi
Page 511 and 512:
Huang, Jidong, and Frank J. Chaloup
Page 513 and 514:
McWilliams, J. Michael. 2016. “Ch
Page 515 and 516:
Pinkovskiy, Maxim. 2014. “The Imp
Page 517 and 518:
______. 2016. “Certification of M
Page 519 and 520:
Arcidiacono, Peter, V. Joseph Hotz,
Page 521 and 522:
Bulman, George, and Caroline Hoxby.
Page 523 and 524:
______. 2015a. “Economic Costs of
Page 525 and 526:
Dobbie, Will, and Roland G. Fryer J
Page 527 and 528:
Committee on Health, Education, Lab
Page 529 and 530:
Jepsen, Christopher, Kenneth Troske
Page 531 and 532:
Marcotte, Dave E., et al. 2005. “
Page 533 and 534:
Reynolds, Arthur J., et al. 2011.
Page 535 and 536:
Chapter 6 Acharya, Viral. V., Deniz
Page 537 and 538:
Fama, Eugene F., and Kenneth R. Fre
Page 539 and 540:
Wheelock, David C., and Paul W. Wil
Page 541 and 542:
______. 2016a. “The Economics of
Page 543 and 544:
______. 2016c. Short Term Energy Ou
Page 545 and 546:
Interagency Working Group on the So
Page 547 and 548:
Office of Management and Budget (OM
Page 550:
A P P E N D I X A REPORT TO THE PRE
Page 553 and 554:
Council Members and Their Dates of
Page 556 and 557:
Report to the President on the Acti
Page 558 and 559:
consulting with a wide variety of o
Page 560 and 561:
In October, the Council released a
Page 562 and 563:
Research Economists David Boddy . .
Page 564:
A P P E N D I X B STATISTICAL TABLE
Page 567 and 568:
GOVERNMENT FINANCE, INTEREST RATES,
Page 569 and 570:
Year or quarter Table B-1. Percent
Page 571 and 572:
Table B-2. Gross domestic product,
Page 573 and 574:
Table B-3. Quantity and price index
Page 575 and 576:
Table B-5. Real exports and imports
Page 577 and 578:
Year Total Table B-7. Real farm inc
Page 579 and 580:
Table B-9. Median money income (in
Page 581 and 582:
Labor Market Indicators Table B-11.
Page 583 and 584:
Year or month Table B-12. Civilian
Page 585 and 586:
Table B-14. Employees on nonagricul
Page 587 and 588:
Year or month Table B-15. Hours and
Page 589 and 590:
Government Finance, Interest Rates,
Page 591 and 592:
Table B-19. Federal receipts and ou
Page 593 and 594:
Table B-21. Federal and State and l
Page 595 and 596:
Table B-23. U.S. Treasury securitie
Page 597 and 598:
Year and month Bills (at auction) 1
Page 599:
Year and month Table B-26. Money st
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