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2012 EDUCATIONAL BOOK - American Society of Clinical Oncology

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Conclusion<br />

A standard <strong>of</strong> care has been established for patients with<br />

newly diagnosed glioblastoma on the basis <strong>of</strong> level 1 evidence<br />

for a randomized clinical trial. Current investigations<br />

are exploring agents to add to the established chemoradiation<br />

regimen that would augment activity without a marked<br />

increase in toxicity. Many <strong>of</strong> these trials are also including<br />

molecular characterization <strong>of</strong> the tumors in an effort to<br />

define patient subpopulations likely to benefit (or not benefit)<br />

from the new regimen, thereby enhancing the risk to<br />

benefit for individual patients.<br />

Author’s Disclosure <strong>of</strong> Potential Conflicts <strong>of</strong> Interest<br />

Author<br />

Employment or<br />

Leadership<br />

Positions<br />

Consultant or<br />

Advisory Role<br />

Mark R. Gilbert Abbott<br />

Laboratories;<br />

Genentech;<br />

GlaxoSmithKline;<br />

Merck<br />

1. 2005-2006 Statistical Report: Primary Brain Tumors in the United<br />

States Statistical Report, 1998-2002 (Years Data Collected). Hinsdale, IL:<br />

Central Brain Tumor Registry <strong>of</strong> the United States; 2006.<br />

2. Wen PY, Kesari S. Malignant gliomas in adults. N Engl J Med.<br />

2008;359:492-507.<br />

3. Yan H, Parsons DW, Jin G, et al. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas.<br />

N Engl J Med. 2009;360:765-773.<br />

4. Weller M, Felsberg J, Hartmann C, et al. Molecular predictors <strong>of</strong><br />

progression-free and overall survival in patients with newly diagnosed<br />

glioblastoma: a prospective translational study <strong>of</strong> the German Glioma Network.<br />

J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:5743-5750.<br />

5. Curran WJ Jr, Scott CB, Horton J, et al. Recursive partitioning analysis<br />

<strong>of</strong> prognostic factors in three Radiation Therapy <strong>Oncology</strong> Group malignant<br />

glioma trials. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85:704-710.<br />

6. Noushmehr H, Weisenberger DJ, Diefes K, et al: Identification <strong>of</strong> a CpG<br />

island methylator phenotype that defines a distinct subgroup <strong>of</strong> glioma.<br />

Cancer Cell 17:510-522.<br />

7. Colman H, Zhang L, Sulman EP, et al. A multigene predictor <strong>of</strong> outcome<br />

in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 2010;12:49-57.<br />

8. Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T, et al. MGMT gene silencing and benefit<br />

from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:997-1003.<br />

9. Walker MD, Green SB, Byar DP, et al. Randomized comparisons <strong>of</strong><br />

radiotherapy and nitrosoureas for the treatment <strong>of</strong> malignant glioma after<br />

surgery. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:1323-1329.<br />

10. Stewart LA. Chemotherapy in adult high-grade glioma: a systematic<br />

review and meta-analysis <strong>of</strong> individual patient data from 12 randomised<br />

trials. Lancet. 2002;359:1011-1018.<br />

11. Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, et al. Radiotherapy plus<br />

concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med.<br />

2005;352:987-996.<br />

12. Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP, et al. Effects <strong>of</strong> radiotherapy with<br />

concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival<br />

in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis <strong>of</strong> the<br />

EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:459-466<br />

13. Tolcher AW, Gerson SL, Denis L, et al. Marked inactivation <strong>of</strong> O6alkylguanine-DNA<br />

alkyltransferase activity with protracted temozolomide<br />

schedules. Br J Cancer. 2003;88:1004-1011.<br />

14. Gilbert MR, Wang M, Aldape K, et al. RTOG 0525: a randomized phase<br />

III trial comparing standard adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ) with a dose-dense<br />

(dd) schedule in newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM). J Clin Oncol 2011;29<br />

(suppl; abstr 141s).<br />

15. Prados MD, Chang SM, Butowski N, et al. Phase II study <strong>of</strong> erlotinib<br />

plus temozolomide during and after radiation therapy in patients with newly<br />

diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme or gliosarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:<br />

579-584.<br />

16. Grossman SA, Ye X, Piantadosi S, et al. Survival <strong>of</strong> patients with newly<br />

116<br />

A similar standard does not currently exist for recurrent<br />

glioblastoma, although antiangiogenic agents particularly<br />

bevacizumab, demonstrate tumor response and tumor control<br />

although this is <strong>of</strong>ten short-lived and to date, there are<br />

no salvage regimens after bevacizumab failure. Given the<br />

marked molecular heterogeneity <strong>of</strong> recurrent glioblastoma,<br />

future advances will likely require a major initiative to<br />

perform clinical trials encompassing correlations or patient<br />

selection on the basis <strong>of</strong> tumor characteristics. This initiative<br />

will require both an increase in resource allocation and<br />

a widespread collaborative effort to be successful.<br />

Stock<br />

Ownership Honoraria<br />

REFERENCES<br />

Genentech;<br />

Merck<br />

Research<br />

Funding<br />

Genentech;<br />

Merck<br />

Expert<br />

Testimony<br />

MARK R. GILBERT<br />

Other<br />

Remuneration<br />

diagnosed glioblastoma treated with radiation and temozolomide in research<br />

studies in the United States. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:2443-2449.<br />

17. Stupp R, Goldbrunner B, Neyns B, et al. Phase I/IIa trial <strong>of</strong> cilengitide<br />

(EMD121974) and temozolomide with concomitant radiotherapy, followed<br />

by temozolomide and cilengitide maintenance therapy in patients (pts) with<br />

newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM). J Clin Oncol. 2007;25 (suppl; abstr<br />

2000).<br />

18. Clarke JL, Ennis MM, Yung WK, et al. Is surgery at progression a<br />

prognostic marker for improved 6-month progression-free survival or overall<br />

survival for patients with recurrent glioblastoma? Neuro Oncol. 2011;13:<br />

1118-1124.<br />

19. Brem H, Piantadosi S, Burger PC, et al. Placebo-controlled trial <strong>of</strong><br />

safety and efficacy <strong>of</strong> intraoperative controlled delivery by biodegradable<br />

polymers <strong>of</strong> chemotherapy for recurrent gliomas. The Polymer-brain Tumor<br />

Treatment Group. Lancet. 1995;345:1008-1012.<br />

20. Kunwar S, Prados MD, Chang SM, et al. Direct intracerebral delivery<br />

<strong>of</strong> cintredekin besudotox (IL13-PE38QQR) in recurrent malignant glioma: a<br />

report by the Cintredekin Besudotox Intraparenchymal Study Group. J Clin<br />

Oncol. 2007;25:837-844.<br />

21. Anderson RC, Elder JB, Brown MD, et al. Changes in the immunologic<br />

phenotype <strong>of</strong> human malignant glioma cells after passaging in vitro. Clin<br />

Immunol. 2002;102:84-95.<br />

22. Rainov NG. A phase III clinical evaluation <strong>of</strong> herpes simplex virus type<br />

1 thymidine kinase and ganciclovir gene therapy as an adjuvant to surgical<br />

resection and radiation in adults with previously untreated glioblastoma<br />

multiforme. Hum Gene Ther. 2000;11:2389-2401.<br />

23. Jiang H, Gomez-Manzano C, Lang FF, et al. Oncolytic adenovirus:<br />

preclinical and clinical studies in patients with human malignant gliomas.<br />

Curr Gene Ther. 2009;9:422-427.<br />

24. Wick W, Platten M, Weller M. New (alternative) temozolomide regimens<br />

for the treatment <strong>of</strong> glioma. Neuro Oncol. 2009;11:69-79.<br />

25. Perry JR, Rizek P, Cashman R, et al. Temozolomide rechallenge in<br />

recurrent malignant glioma by using a continuous temozolomide schedule:<br />

the “rescue” approach. Cancer. 2008;113:2152-2157.<br />

26. Yip S, Miao J, Cahill DP, et al. MSH6 mutations arise in glioblastomas<br />

during temozolomide therapy and mediate temozolomide resistance. Clin<br />

Cancer Res. 2009;15:4622-4629.<br />

27. Wick W, Puduvalli VK, Chamberlain MC, et al. Phase III study <strong>of</strong><br />

enzastaurin compared with lomustine in the treatment <strong>of</strong> recurrent intracranial<br />

glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1168-1174.<br />

28. Haas-Kogan DA, Prados MD, Tihan T, et al. Epidermal growth factor<br />

receptor, protein kinase B/Akt, and glioma response to erlotinib. J Natl<br />

Cancer Inst. 2005;97:880-887.<br />

29. van den Bent MJ, Brandes AA, Rampling R, et al. Randomized phase II<br />

trial <strong>of</strong> erlotinib versus temozolomide or carmustine in recurrent glioblastoma:<br />

EORTC brain tumor group study 26034. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1268-1274.

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