2012 EDUCATIONAL BOOK - American Society of Clinical Oncology

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TALKING IN SYNC WITH PATIENTS ACROSS CULTURAL BARRIERS CHAIR Lidia Schapira, MD Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA SPEAKERS William J. Hicks, MD The Ohio State University Columbus, OH Louise Villejo, MPH University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX
New Insights in Cross-Cultural Communication Overview: Improving clinician-patient communication, improving clinical decision making, and eliminating mistrust have been identified as three key areas for reducing disparities in care. An important step is the training of cancer professionals to deliver culturally competent care in clinical settings as well as increasing the proportion of underrepresented minorities in the health care workforce. Providing care that is attuned to the patient’s cultural preferences begins by talking to the patient about his or her cultural history and identifying the locus of decision making, preferences for disclosure of vital health information, and goals of care. Patients with low literacy and those with poor fluency of the THERE IS growing interest in providing culturally sensitive care, not only in the United States but also across the world. Awareness of the global repercussions of cancer and the enormous burden of suffering imposed mainly on those with little access to health care and few resources has kindled the imagination and determination of cancer physicians and led to new global initiatives to close the gap between low- and middle-income countries and those that are more affluent. 1 Although once considered a problem exclusive to industrialized and wealthy countries, cancer is a leading cause of disability and death in the developing world. 1 Multinational and interdisciplinary efforts with support from professional organizations and industry are beginning to target global issues through innovative mechanisms that involve raising awareness and promoting universal access to cancer prevention, detection, and care. 1 And within countries, governments and nongovernmental organizations need to meet the challenge of expanding access for those who, for complex socioeconomic factors ranging from poverty to low health literacy, are deprived of access to optimal health services. Without such efforts, those with few resources will bear a disproportionate burden of misery from cancer. Many factors contribute to the unequal distribution and utilization of health services, and this, in turn, leads to differences in outcomes. A report commissioned by the U.S. Congress and published by the Institute of Medicine in 2002 confirmed that members of groups identified as belonging to ethnic and racial minorities have worse health outcomes as a result of unequal treatment. 2 The report stressed the need for change and identified opportunities for interventions. Three key areas were identified as having clinical relevance and contributing to disparities in health care: providerpatient communication, clinical decision making, and mistrust. 3 Recommendations for change addressed many aspects of both care and health services delivery, and three are worth highlighting: integrating cross-cultural education into the training of all health care professionals, supporting the use of language interpretation services in clinical settings, and increasing the proportion of underrepresented minorities in the health care workforce. 2,3 Other factors that were identified as contributors to unequal outcomes are social determinants such as lower levels of education, overall lower socioeconomic status, unsafe housing, and exposure to environmental hazards. The report also stated that bias, prejudice, and stereotyping on the part of health care By Lidia Schapira, MD dominant language require additional services. Language interpretation by trained professionals is fundamental to ensure that patients are able to provide informed consent for treatment. A working definition of culture involves multiple dimensions and levels and must be viewed as both dynamic and adaptive, rather than simply as a collection of beliefs and values. Effective cross-cultural education avoids stereotyping and promotes communication and negotiation to solve problems and minimize tension and conflict. Recent research has identified that unconscious biases held by clinicians affect their behavior and recommendations for treatment. professionals exert important influences in their recommendations and treatment. 3 The inherent power asymmetry in the clinician-patient relationship coupled with unconscious biases can lead to differential treatment of those seeking care. Communication is a complex phenomenon that serves to transmit messages and construct and maintain relationships. It is one of the pillars of medicine and plays a fundamental role in the delivery of health care services. Now a focus of research in social sciences and medicine, it has gained the status of a necessary competency for medical trainees in the United States. Although there is consensus among experts that a basic skill set can be taught and evaluated, there is still no consistent way to address individual beliefs or deeply held biases that undoubtedly influence practice. Simply put, we can transmit and evaluate knowledge about communication, construct ethical frameworks, and even model ideal behaviors, but we cannot control or even modify deeply held beliefs that affect behavior. Evidence suggests that individual doctors’ responses tend to be similar with all patients and that moral judgments and decision making are driven by automatic emotional responses. 4-8 Rather than resorting to abstract reasoning, doctors and nurses respond to moral dilemmas with gut reactions. 5-8 Recognizing this fact, we need to address these instant and unconscious reactions, which most likely result from intergenerational transmission in families and communities, by designing courses that address cross-cultural communication. In a study of internal medicine and emergency medicine residents at four academic medical centers in Atlanta, GA, and Boston, MA, Green and colleagues found evidence of unconscious bias. 9 Most physicians in their survey did not admit to any racial biases explicitly. However, using validated tools that measure implicit measures, there were clear differences favoring one group over another, which influenced the physicians’ recommendations for treatment in a simulated scenario. 9 It seems plausible that From the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Author’s disclosures of potential conflicts of interest are found at the end of this article. Address reprint requests to Lidia Schapira, MD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114; email: lschapira@partners.org. © 2012 by American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1092-9118/10/1-10 e85
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AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CLINICAL ONCOLO
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American Society of Clinical Oncolo
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American Society of Clinical Oncolo
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New Looks and Challenges for Cooper
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Genitourinary Cancer Best Use of Im
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Research and Standard of Care: Lung
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Practice Management and Information
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2012 ASCO Annual Meeting Disclosure
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Matti S. Aapro, MD Clinique De Geno
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Hedy Lee Kindler, MD The University
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Douglas E. Wood, MD University of W
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Mary Lou Smith, JD, MBA Research Ad
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ASCO and Conquer Cancer Foundation
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Letter from the Editor The theme of
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Adjuvant Therapy for Older Women wi
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TREATMENT FOR OLDER WOMEN WITH BREA
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MANAGEMENT OF T1 BREAST CANCERS the
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MANAGEMENT OF T1 BREAST CANCERS Tab
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MANAGEMENT OF T1 BREAST CANCERS Tab
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MANAGEMENT OF T1 BREAST CANCERS 93.
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MANAGEMENT OF T1 BREAST CANCERS 1 c
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ADJUVANT ENDOCRINE THERAPY reductio
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ADJUVANT ENDOCRINE THERAPY which ra
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ADJUVANT ENDOCRINE THERAPY assay is
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A DICKENS TALE OF THE TREATMENT OF
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TREATMENT OF ADVANCED BREAST CANCER
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A FRESH LOOK AT DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN
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DCIS: OPPORTUNITIES AND UNCHARTED W
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DCIS: OPPORTUNITIES AND UNCHARTED W
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Ductal Carcinoma In Situ, and the I
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DCIS AND INFLUENCE OF RISK FACTORS
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KEY QUESTIONS IN THE LOCO-REGIONAL
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POSTMASTECTOMY RADIATION AND PARTIA
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The Appropriate Extent of Surgery f
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SURGERY FOR EARLY-STAGE BREAST CANC
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BIOLOGY AND LOCAL THERAPY DECISIONS
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Clinical and Imaging Surveillance F
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SURVEILLANCE FOLLOWING BREAST CANCE
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SURVEILLANCE FOLLOWING BREAST CANCE
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Advanced Imaging Techniques for the
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IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR BREAST CANCE
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IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR BREAST CANCE
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Update of the Oxford Overview: New
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UPDATE OF THE OXFORD OVERVIEW Fig.
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UPDATE OF THE OXFORD OVERVIEW Overv
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Gene Patents and Personalized Medic
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GENE PATENTS AND EFFECTS ON PERSONA
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Chemoprevention for Breast Cancer:
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CHEMOPREVENTION FOR BREAST CANCER T
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CHEMOPREVENTION FOR BREAST CANCER C
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CONTROVERSIES IN PROSTATE CANCER: P
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PROSTATE CANCER RISK REDUCTION men
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PROSTATE CANCER RISK REDUCTION Auth
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PSA SCREENING: HARMS WITHOUT CLEAR
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PSA SCREENING: HARMS WITHOUT CLEAR
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GLIOBLASTOMA: TAKING THE STANDARD O
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GLIOBLASTOMA: BIOLOGY, GENETICS AND
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN GBM THERAPY pr
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN GBM THERAPY Ch
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ESTABLISHING TREATMENTS FOR GLIOBLA
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Current Concepts in Brain Tumor Ima
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CONCEPTS IN BRAIN TUMOR IMAGING tum
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CONCEPTS IN BRAIN TUMOR IMAGING Aut
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PERSPECTIVES ON HEADLINE-MAKING NEW
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TTF THERAPY IN GLIOBLASTOMA Fig. 1.
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TTF THERAPY IN GLIOBLASTOMA istics.
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TTF THERAPY IN GLIOBLASTOMA because
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Limitations of Adaptive Clinical Tr
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LIMITATIONS OF ADAPTIVE CLINICAL TR
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LIMITATIONS OF ADAPTIVE CLINICAL TR
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Capturing the Patient Perspective:
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PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES AS TRIAL
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PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES AS TRIAL
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NEW LOOKS AND CHALLENGES FOR COOPER
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NCI NATIONAL CLINICAL TRIALS NETWOR
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Successful Integration of Cooperati
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COG: GIVING NEW MEANING TO COOPERAT
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A Critical Review of the Enrollment
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BLACK PATIENTS AND CANCER CLINICAL
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BLACK PATIENTS AND CANCER CLINICAL
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Trastuzumab Emtansine (T-DM1): Hitc
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T-DM1 AND THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODIES ag
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TARGETING CD30 IN HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
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TARGETING CD30 IN HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
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EARLY DRUG DEVELOPMENT: CASTING A W
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Table 1. Response Rates in Expanded
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Drug Development in the Era of Pers
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that the core pathway is not comple
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This situation is not surprising, g
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Practical Management of Immune-Rela
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the anterior pituitary axis is invo
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TARGETING CRITICAL MOLECULAR ABERRA
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Abl suppression; and 3) the early e
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50% 50% 100% Change in Tumor Size m
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vanced solid tumors, even if they a
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Targeting Molecular Aberrations in
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date. With the advent of gene expre
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consortium to facilitate the testin
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ETHICAL CHALLENGES OF HEALTH CARE R
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HEALTH CARE REFORM AND ONCOLOGY dev
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HEALTH CARE REFORM AND ONCOLOGY aut
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INTERNATIONAL VARIATION IN UNDERSTA
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midcareer physician; in one cross-s
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Table 1. Recommendations for Person
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stances (e.g., stage of career, fam
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elationship” is also acknowledged
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Conclusion In more individualistic
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The Oncologist’s Duty to Provide
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an external observer, but to the pe
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MEDICAL ERRORS IN CANCER CARE: PREV
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DISCLOSING MEDICAL ERRORS Disclosur
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DISCLOSING MEDICAL ERRORS Author’
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PREVENTING MEDICAL ERRORS more diff
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“PERSONALIZED” ONCOLOGY FOR COL
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0.001), progression-free survival (
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mately 40% of patients with colorec
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Table 1. Tumor Marker Utility Gradi
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treatment (tx) for metastatic color
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The Interventional Radiologist Role
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effect. The most common drug that h
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gone forever, no further therapy is
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is irrelevant if it is already rese
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Resection and Thermal Ablation of L
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Author’s Disclosures of Potential
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Minimally Invasive Surgery of Recta
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outcomes; local, wound-site, and di
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Authors’ Disclosures of Potential
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CAO/ARO 04 study—which added oxal
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STAGE III COLON CANCER: WHAT WORKS,
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Table 1. Comparison of Fluoropyrimi
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tients with stages II and III color
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ized by high fruit, vegetable, poul
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Exercise Change trial: a randomized
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A New Direction for Pancreatic Canc
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Table 1. FOLFIRINOX versus Gemcitab
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The Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG)
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A Matter of Timing: Is There a Role
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an OS benefit with radiation therap
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a dose of 50.4 Gy to 59.4 Gy of rad
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more commonly given for APC, specia
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subcutaneous bolus or infusion. Hal
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patients are cared for completely w
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Varying Lymphadenectomies for Gastr
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Table 1. Regional Lymph Nodes of th
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Conclusion There are clear differen
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Will Disease Heterogeneity Help Def
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prematurely due to poor accrual. 18
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Adjuvant Treatments for Localized A
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ADJUVANT TREATMENT FOR GASTRIC CANC
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LIVER-DIRECTED THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
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ated with unique dose distributions
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HCC, with encouraging outcomes in e
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tion. Advanced computer-based image
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a 5-year survival rate of 70% follo
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THE MANAGEMENT OF LESS COMMON BUT C
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Fig 1. PubMed publications and clin
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of therapeutic options, patient sel
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less informative than the GRETCH an
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Table 3. New Agents/Regimens under
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combined with concurrent transarter
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to optimize the use of erlotinib by
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Optimal Use of Imaging to Guide Tre
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enhancement seen. Furthermore, the
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CASTRATION-RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCE
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Fig. 1. FDA regulatory approvals in
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Prognostic, Predictive, and Surroga
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adhesion molecule and further chara
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and treatment options are expanding
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KIDNEY CANCER BIOLOGY AND THERAPEUT
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Prognostic Factors in Advanced RCC
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cell immunotherapy in which a small
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New Developments in Urothelial Canc
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Novel Approaches in Advanced Urothe
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10. Albers P, Park SI, Niegisch G,
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700 at a dose of 400 mg twice daily
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therapy for nonmetastatic prostate
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ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR OLDER PATIENTS
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Adjuvant Systemic Therapy Adjuvant
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with early-stage breast cancer were
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clinical trials to generate additio
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Adjuvant Treatment of Older Patient
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OLDER PATIENTS WITH LUNG CANCER Fig
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OLDER PATIENTS WITH LUNG CANCER adj
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Considerations and Controversies in
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OLDER PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED CANCER
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RECENT CLINICAL HIGHLIGHTS IN GYNEC
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GLOBAL ADVANCES IN GYNECOLOGIC ONCO
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GLOBAL ADVANCES IN GYNECOLOGIC ONCO
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The European Society of Gynaecologi
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ESGO EDUCATIONAL AND RESEARCH ACTIV
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UPFRONT TREATMENT OF OVARIAN CANCER
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ANTIANGIOGENICS AND PARP INHIBITORS
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ANTIANGIOGENICS AND PARP INHIBITORS
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Intraperitoneal Treatment in Ovaria
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INTRAPERITONEAL TREATMENT IN OVARIA
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Dose-Dense Chemotherapy and Neoadju
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CHEMOTHERAPY FOR OVARIAN CANCER Fig
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CHEMOTHERAPY FOR OVARIAN CANCER whi
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UTERINE SARCOMA: CHALLENGING CASES
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HISTOLOGIC FEATURES AND MANAGEMENT
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SURGICAL OPTIONS FOR UTERINE SARCOM
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SURGICAL OPTIONS FOR UTERINE SARCOM
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PATIENTS WITH HPV-POSITIVE OROPHARY
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HPV-INDUCED OROPHARYNX CANCER analy
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HPV-INDUCED OROPHARYNX CANCER fract
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Important Early Advances in Squamou
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EARLY ADVANCES IN SCCHN Fig 1. Targ
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Application of Genomic and Proteomi
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GENOMIC AND PROTEOMIC TECHNOLOGIES
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GENOMIC AND PROTEOMIC TECHNOLOGIES
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TREATMENT OF THYROID CANCERS: NEW I
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EVALUATION OF ADVANCED THYROID CANC
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EVALUATION OF ADVANCED THYROID CANC
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Systemic Therapeutic Approaches to
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APPROACHES TO ADVANCED THYROID CANC
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AVOIDING OVERDIAGNOSIS AND OVERTREA
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Table 1. Prevalence of Prostate Can
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Table 3. Potential Risks and Benefi
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Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment of
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een reached by other modeling effor
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east cancer community have FDA-appr
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COSTS OF CANCER CARE: AFFORDABILITY
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REDUCING THE COST OF CANCER CARE Fi
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REDUCING THE COST OF CANCER CARE Th
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REDUCING THE COST OF CANCER CARE de
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Why Hasn’t Genomic Testing Change
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tigators should develop prospective
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MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC L
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PREDICTIVE PARAMETERS IN CLL Table
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PREDICTIVE PARAMETERS IN CLL patien
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Transplant in Chronic Lymphocytic L
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WHEN TO OFFER TRANSPLANTATION IN CL
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WHEN TO OFFER TRANSPLANTATION IN CL
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NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN MYELOPROLIFERAT
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SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS FOR MPN S
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SMALL-MOLECULE INHIBITORS FOR MPN L
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Insights into the Molecular Genetic
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GENETICS OF MYELOPROLIFERATIVE NEOP
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Classification of Myeloproliferativ
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CLASSIFICATION AND PROGNOSIS OF MPN
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CLASSIFICATION AND PROGNOSIS OF MPN
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AROUND THE WORLD IN ALMOST 80 MINUT
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LUNG CANCER IN BRAZIL Fig. 1. Relat
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LUNG CANCER IN BRAZIL Fig. 3. Chara
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LUNG CANCER IN BRAZIL Author’s Di
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LUNG CANCER IN CHINA Fig 1. Chinese
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LUNG CANCER IN CHINA well equipped
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Research and Standard of Care: Lung
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LUNG CANCER IN ROMANIA ● Protecti
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LUNG CANCER IN ROMANIA reimbursemen
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A New Model: Physician-Patient Coll
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PHYSICIAN ENGAGEMENT IN ONLINE PATI
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PHYSICIAN ENGAGEMENT IN ONLINE PATI
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LUNG CANCER SCREENING 101 CHAIR Chr
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LUNG CANCER SCREENING The concern i
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LUNG CANCER SCREENING Fig. 1. Guide
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LUNG CANCER SCREENING Fig. 2. Guide
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LUNG CANCER SCREENING 19. Montes RP
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Molecular Testing of Non-Small Cell
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MOLECULAR TESTING AND NSCLC Fig 1.
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MOLECULAR TESTING AND NSCLC logic d
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THYMOMA AND THYMIC CARCINOMA: UPDAT
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MANAGEMENT OF THYMIC CARCINOMA recu
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MANAGEMENT OF THYMIC CARCINOMA Refe
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The Creation of the International T
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ITMIG AS A MODEL FOR RARE DISEASES
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Thymoma: From Chemotherapy to Targe
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SYSTEMIC TREATMENT OF THYMOMA Study
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SYSTEMIC TREATMENT OF THYMOMA cance
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What Is the Best Strategy for Incor
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TREATMENT OF FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA Fi
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TREATMENT OF FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA me
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TREATMENT OF FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA ou
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TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INDOLENT LYMPH
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ROLE OF HCT FOR INDOLENT LYMPHOMA T
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ROLE OF HCT FOR INDOLENT LYMPHOMA T
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ROLE OF HCT FOR INDOLENT LYMPHOMA e
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CONTROVERSIES IN MYELOMA: INDUCTION
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TRANSPLANTATION FOR MYELOMA Alterna
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TRANSPLANTATION FOR MYELOMA compare
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TRANSPLANTATION FOR MYELOMA autolog
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CURRENT STATUS OF MYELOMA THERAPY K
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CURRENT STATUS OF MYELOMA THERAPY F
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CURRENT STATUS OF MYELOMA THERAPY T
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Maintenance Therapy for Myeloma: Ho
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MAINTENANCE THERAPY FOR MULTIPLE MY
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NEW OPTIONS, NEW QUESTIONS: HOW TO
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THERAPIES FOR PATIENTS WITH METASTA
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ANTIEMETICS: CURRENT STANDARDS, EME
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ANTIEMETICS: ASCO GUIDELINE UPDATE
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vom
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INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF CHEMOTH
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New Frontiers in Mucositis By Dougl
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MUCOSAL INJURY CAUSED BY CANCER THE
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Short- and Long-term Cardiovascular
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Recent Advances in Cardiotoxicity o
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CARDIOTOXICITY OF ANTICANCER THERAP
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CARDIOTOXICITY OF ANTICANCER THERAP
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The Oncologist as the Patient with
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THE ONCOLOGIST AS THE PATIENT OR RE
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Prolonged Febrile Neutropenia in th
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FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA IN PEDIATRIC CA
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FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA IN PEDIATRIC CA
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TREATMENT APPROACHES IN CHILDREN wh
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TREATMENT APPROACHES IN CHILDREN th
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GENETIC COUNSELING OF THE PATIENT W
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CANCER PREDISPOSITION IN CHILDHOOD
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HOW TO MANAGE VERY RARE PEDIATRIC C
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RARE CANCER IN CHILDREN Registries
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Genetic Alterations in Childhood Me
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GENETIC ALTERATIONS IN CHILDHOOD ME
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Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis in Childr
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CHEMOTHERAPY FOR DESMOID TUMOR Tabl
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CHEMOTHERAPY FOR DESMOID TUMOR 14.
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Targeting the Insulin-Like Growth F
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TARGETING THE IGF SYSTEM Fig. 1. Th
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TARGETING THE IGF SYSTEM malignanci
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Hedgehog Pathway in Pediatric Cance
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HEDGEHOG PATHWAY IN PEDIATRIC CANCE
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HEDGEHOG PATHWAY IN PEDIATRIC CANCE
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Development and Refinement of Augme
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ABFM THERAPY FOR PEDIATRIC ALL than
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ABFM THERAPY FOR PEDIATRIC ALL Auth
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RADIOTHERAPY FOR PEDIATRIC HODGKIN
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RADIOTHERAPY FOR PEDIATRIC HODGKIN
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Role of Doxorubicin in Rhabdomyosar
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DOXORUBICIN IN RHABDOMYOSARCOMA 8.
Page 719 and 720:
Identification of Novel Biologic Ta
Page 721 and 722: NOVEL TARGETS IN THE TREATMENT OF D
Page 723 and 724: Is Biopsy Safe in Children with New
Page 725 and 726: SAFETY OF DIPG BIOPSY IN CHILDREN F
Page 727 and 728: SAFETY OF DIPG BIOPSY IN CHILDREN 1
Page 729 and 730: CHILDREN WITH DIFFUSE INTRINSIC PON
Page 731 and 732: Communication and Decision Support
Page 733 and 734: COMMUNICATION AND DECISION SUPPORT
Page 739 and 740: Planning for the Future: The Role o
Page 741 and 742: present in the office suite but doe
Page 743 and 744: Summary and Care Plan are provided.
Page 745 and 746: DOING IT RIGHT, AND FOR LESS: IMPLE
Page 747 and 748: CLINICAL PATHWAYS STANDARDIZING PER
Page 749 and 750: CLINICAL PATHWAYS STANDARDIZING PER
Page 751 and 752: The Future of Oncology Care with Pe
Page 753 and 754: quantity. Determining the appropria
Page 755 and 756: THE ASCO QUALITY ONCOLOGY PRACTICE
Page 757 and 758: IMPROVING VALUE OF CARE IN ONCOLOGY
Page 763 and 764: PHYSICIAN WELLNESS: COPING WITH REP
Page 765 and 766: also provides insight on how clinic
Page 767 and 768: good resource for exploring the pri
Page 769 and 770: of death or following death and inc
Page 771: telephone call to the family, sendi
Page 775 and 776: CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION Sideba
Page 777 and 778: THE ONCOLOGIST, THE PATIENT, AND TH
Page 779 and 780: estimate of the proportion of their
Page 781 and 782: exactly the same treatment, even th
Page 783 and 784: How to Decide Whether to Offer and
Page 785 and 786: NONSTANDARD THERAPIES FOR ADVANCED
Page 787 and 788: NONSTANDARD THERAPIES FOR ADVANCED
Page 789 and 790: TARGETED THERAPIES IN TARGETED OR U
Page 791 and 792: TARGETED THERAPY IN SARCOMA rates a
Page 793 and 794: TARGETED THERAPY IN SARCOMA seen in
Page 795 and 796: TARGETED THERAPY IN SARCOMA recepto
Page 797 and 798: Adjuvant Treatment of Gastrointesti
Page 799 and 800: ADJUVANT THERAPY IN HIGH-RISK GASTR
Page 801 and 802: Management of Tyrosine Kinase Inhib
Page 803 and 804: TKI-RESISTANT GIST Primary Imatinib
Page 805 and 806: TKI-RESISTANT GIST Table 2. Clinica
Page 807 and 808: BIOLOGIC PRINCIPLES OF TARGETED COM
Page 809 and 810: COMBINING TARGETED AGENTS IN CLINIC
Page 811 and 812: COMBINING TARGETED AGENTS IN CLINIC
Page 813 and 814: Combination Therapies Building on t
Page 815 and 816: COMBINATIONS FOR MELANOMA agents th
Page 817 and 818: MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO TARGETE
Page 819 and 820: RESISTANCE MECHANISMS TO MAPK INHIB
Page 821 and 822: RESISTANCE MECHANISMS TO MAPK INHIB
Page 823 and 824:
Mechanisms of Resistance to Targete
Page 825 and 826:
RESISTANCE TO TARGETED THERAPIES IN
Page 827 and 828:
RESISTANCE TO TARGETED THERAPIES IN
Page 829 and 830:
Translating PI3K-Delta Inhibitors t
Page 831 and 832:
THE STORY OF CAL-101 6% of patients
Page 833 and 834:
PI3 Kinase in Cancer: From Biology
Page 835 and 836:
PI3 KINASE IN CANCER Fig. 1. The PI
Page 837 and 838:
PI3 KINASE IN CANCER Fig. 3. In viv
Page 840:
This publication is supported by an
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2012 EDUCATIONAL BOOK - American Society of Clinical Oncology

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