Elementary New Testament Greek, 2014a

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11: The Future Tense In other words, the Verb Root is transformed into “naked” Principal Parts, to which then are added various augments, connecting vowels, sufxes, and personal endings to construct all “real” verb forms. Below we have placed the clothed Principal Parts in parentheses, in order to draw attention to the “naked” forms, which are the real points of genesis for their respective families. First Pr. Prt. Second Pr. Prt. Verb Root: Third Pr. Prt. Fourth Pr. Prt. Fifth Pr. Prt. Sixth Pr. Prt. () () () () () () -- -- -- -- -- -- All Other Derived Forms All Other Derived Forms All Other Derived Forms All Other Derived Forms All Other Derived Forms All Other Derived Forms This overview of verb construction will carry us far. As we continue learning new verb Tenses and Moods, we will see that they are formed by attaching a variety of accessories (augments, sufxes, connecting vowels, personal endings, declensional endings) onto the naked Principal Parts. Conceptual Overview of the Greek Verb We have already done signicant work (in Chapter Two) establishing and explaining the categories of Mood, Tense, Voice, Person and Number. [You might want to review that material if it is foggy.] The following chart synthesizes these matters into a visual arrangement, while extending and adding a few elements. Study the following features of the chart: 1) From the top, the largest division relates to Aspect. The chart shows that all Greek verbs must fall within one of three Aspects: Internal (ongoing, repeated action viewed as “in process”); External (action viewed as a whole, without interest in its duration or internal stages); Perfect (action viewed as nished with an extended effect of some sort). 137 2) The vertical columns of Aspect are further divided into Voice. You can see that the Internal and Perfect Aspects do not have separate forms for Middle and Passive voices, while the External Aspect makes distinction between Middle and Passive forms. 3) You see that the vertical columns of Aspect and Voice extend downward, fully intersecting the four Moods, and beneath them two Modes. You are familiar with Moods [Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, Optative], which register different ways of presenting reality. The Modes work a completely different angle: an Innitive is a verb functioning like a noun; while a Participle is a verb functioning like an adjective. [We will touch more on this in Chapter Twelve.] 4) You can see that each intersection between the vertical columns [Aspect, Voice] and horizontal rows [Moods (with time) and Moods and Modes (without time)] have a three-element “name,” e.g. the “Aorist Active Indicative” or the “Perfect Mid/Passive Participle”. [We have omitted the Mood/Mode portion of the name from each intersection to save space. You should attach it yourself.] If you listen to the (whole!) name of the intersection, you can immediately locate that intersection on the chart, and (more importantly) know its characteristics [in terms of mood, tense, voice, and aspect]. 5) You can also see that Time (the xing of an action into real past, real present, or real future) is a creature only of the Indicative Mood! No Mood or Mode (other than the Indicative) should be spoken of as expressing past, present, or future time. When non-Indicative Moods or Modes do imply some “time value” within a sentence, that “time value” is derived from and relative to other elements in the sentence. Note this well: Given the fact that “time” is an independent characteristic operating only in the Indicative Mood, we must realize that “tradition” has again created confusion by naming the Internal-Aspect Tenses of the Subjunctive, Imperative, Optative, Innitive, and Participle as “Present” Tenses. There is nothing necessarily “Present” about them! Yes, they
elong to the same family of verb forms that form the Present Indicative (hence their name), but their Tense signicance has nothing to do with “present time.” In these moods and modes, “Present Tense” means only Internal Aspect! Internal Aspect External Aspect Perfect Aspect Active Mid/Pass Active Middle Passive Active Mid/Pass Indicative [Mood] Present Time Present Active Present Mid/ Pass (no forms) (no forms) (no forms) Perfect Present Perfect Mid/ Pass Past Time Imperfect Active Imperfect Mid/Pass Aorist Active Aorist Middle Aorist Passive PluPerfect Active PluPerfect Mid/Pass Future Time (no forms) (no forms) Future Active Future Middle Future Passive Fut. Perfect Active Fut. Perfect Mid/Pass Subjunctive [Mood] Present Active Present Mid/ Pass Aorist Active Aorist Middle Aorist Passive (rare or n/a) (rare or n/a) Imperative [Mood] Present Active Present Mid/ Pass Aorist Active Aorist Middle Aorist Passive (rare or n/a) (rare or n/a) Optative [Mood] Present Active Present Mid/ Pass Aorist Active Aorist Middle Aorist Passive (rare or n/a) (rare or n/a) Innitive [Mood] Present Active Present Mid/ Pass Aorist Active Aorist Middle Aorist Passive Perfect Active Perfect Mid/ Pass Participle [Mood] Present Active Present Mid/ Pass Aorist Active Aorist Middle Aorist Passive Perfect Active Perfect Mid/ Pass 1) In order to absorb the chart well, you will nd it necessary to “mull it over.” A great way to do this is to read aloud, block-by-block, each “name” in each intersection. (Be sure to add the name of the Mood/Mode to create the necessary 3-part identication for each intersection.) Go through the chart row-by-row (horizontally), then column-by-column (vertically). For example, if you were reading the rst column (from top to bottom) you would say: “Present-Active-Indicative; Imperfect-Active- Indicative; Present-Active-Subjunctive; Present-Active-Imperative; Present-Active-Optative; Present-Active-Innitive; Present-Active-Participle.” If you were reading the Innitive row you would say: “Present-Active-Innitive; Present-Middle/Passive-Innitive; Aorist-Active-Innitive; Aorist-Middle-Innitive; Aorist-Passiveinnitive; Perfect-Active-Innitive; Perfect-Middle/Passive-Innitive. 2) You will notice that certain blocks either have no forms or are very rare, especially in the columns of the Perfect Aspect. One likely cause for lower usage was the complexity and length of the Greek verb forms in these locations. Actual Greek speakers found simpler ways to express their ideas than using the “full blown” forms that would have stood in these blocks. 11: The Future Tense 138
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Greek Elementary New Testament Jose
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Dedicated to my mentors in Greek H
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5: Adjectives, The Verb “to Be”
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Preface to the First Edition (Under
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1: Reading Greek Aloud 1: Reading G
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1: Reading Greek Aloud Additional N
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1: Reading Greek Aloud Consonants a
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1: Reading Greek Aloud Should the E
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1: Reading Greek Aloud Digging into
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1: Reading Greek Aloud Drills and E
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1: Reading Greek Aloud 13 beta gamm
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Understanding Verb Parsing The arro
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expressing internal aspect. In Engl
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Please note carefully that three di
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3) Middle Voice Finally, you will o
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Verbs with Roots ending in Short Vo
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Verbs Without Connecting Vowels (μ
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Digging into the New Testament Text
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Exercises I. Short Answer Doing exe
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9) 10) 11) 12) Solutions to Exe
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7) . 8) μ μ . 9) μ
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Tagged Sentences Angels D crowns P
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Mrs. Davis pondered a coyote in the
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The Dative Case The dative case in
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Original. But shifting the subject
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The Vocative: The whole sentence is
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wordlist code: 1773. Go back to App
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II. Memorizing the Endings for It
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IV. Parse For each of the following
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But how do we know which particular
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2) CRUCIAL CONCEPT: Greek nouns are
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Chapter Four Vocabulary Adverbs: (T
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III. Add Articles: For each of the
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Now, let’s modify each of the nou
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Summary of the Positions of the Adj
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Word Order for Predicate Nouns and
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meek (ones); the merciful (ones)].
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Note: Many of these rst declension
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6) 7) μ 8) 9) 10) 11)
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cases depending on which prepositio
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Prepositions (2) Allowing Three Cas
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But while most prepositional phrase
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New Testament Exploration Phil. 1:1
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Exercises I. Short Answer 1) Of wha
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7: Pronouns 7: Pronouns Easing the
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7: Pronouns An Overview of 7 Types
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Page 108 and 109: 7: Pronouns Digging Deeper into the
Page 110 and 111: 7: Pronouns Exercises I. Short Answ
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Page 127 and 128: 1) In each of the translations of t
Page 129 and 130: In the PASSIVE versions of #’s 3
Page 131 and 132: The Forms of the Present Passive fo
Page 133 and 134: een called Deponent verbs because t
Page 135 and 136: Exercises I. Short Answer 1) In wha
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Page 188 and 189: 12: Aorist Tense 171 “I knew”
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child (3) again (4) always (4) +
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The declension of stem a prophet
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Third Declension The 3rd declension
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The declension of , , stem , a king
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The declension of μ small, is as
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The declension of μ μ μ great, i
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The declension of , having been d
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The declension of , this, is as f
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The declension of the reexing prono
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The rst principal part of the conju
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The fourth and fth principle parts
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The rst principle part of the conju
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The rst principle part of the conju
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Verbs: Future and Aorist of Liquid
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The third principle part of μ, I g
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The third principle part of μ, I p
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The third principle part of μ, I s
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Verbs: Conjugation of The conjugat
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Elementary New Testament Greek, 2014a

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